Explain and Predict, and then Predict Again
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Abstract (arXiv)
A desirable property of learning systems is to be both effective and interpretable. Towards this goal, recent models have been proposed that first generate an extractive explanation from the input text and then generate a prediction on just the explanation called explain-then-predict models. These models primarily consider the task input as a supervision signal in learning an extractive explanation and do not effectively integrate rationales data as an additional inductive bias to improve task performance. We propose a novel yet simple approach ExPred, that uses multi-task learning in the explanation generation phase effectively trading-off explanation and prediction losses. And then we use another prediction network on just the extracted explanations for optimizing the task performance. We conduct an extensive evaluation of our approach on three diverse language datasets -- fact verification, sentiment classification, and QA -- and find that we substantially outperform existing approaches.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Jan 2021.
Builds on
27 of 46 references.
References · 27
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2017A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictionscited by 6,488
- 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,040
- 2019Language Models as Knowledge Bases?cited by 1,922
- 2017Understanding Black-box Predictions via Influence Functionscited by 1,714
- 2015Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attentioncited by 1,421
- 2018FEVER: a large-scale dataset for Fact Extraction and VERificationcited by 1,362
- 2019Attention is not Explanationcited by 916
- 2019Attention is not not Explanationcited by 629
- 2019ERASER: A Benchmark to Evaluate Rationalized NLP Modelscited by 523
- 2016From Softmax to Sparsemax: A Sparse Model of Attention and Multi-Label Classificationcited by 337
15 more
- 2017Right for the Right Reasons: Training Differentiable Models by Constraining their Explanationscited by 293
- 2016Rationalizing Neural Predictionscited by 281
- 2016Understanding Neural Networks through Representation Erasurecited by 223
- 2016Long Short-Term Memory-Networks for Machine Readingcited by 161
- 2015Visualizing and Understanding Recurrent Networkscited by 158
- 2019Interpretable Neural Predictions with Differentiable Binary Variablescited by 126
- 2019An Evaluation of the Human-Interpretability of Explanationcited by 71
- 2019Inferring Which Medical Treatments Work from Reports of Clinical Trialscited by 63
- 2016Rationale-Augmented Convolutional Neural Networks for Text Classificationcited by 39
- 2019Do Human Rationales Improve Machine Explanations?cited by 33
- 2016Attention-over-Attention Neural Networks for Reading Comprehensioncited by 31
- 2019Fine-grained Sentiment Analysis with Faithful Attentioncited by 23
- 2019TableNet: An Approach for Determining Fine-grained Relations for Wikipedia Tablescited by 9
- 2018Expedition: A Time-Aware Exploratory Search System Designed for Scholarscited by 3
- 2017The Dawn of Today's Popular Domains: A Study of the Archived German Web over 18 Yearscited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 7; 2023: 6; 2024: 5; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.
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- 2022End-to-End Multimodal Fact-Checking and Explanation Generation: A Challenging Dataset and Modelscited by 105
- 2021BERTnesia: Investigating the capture and forgetting of knowledge in BERTcited by 40
- 2022Going Beyond XAI: A Systematic Survey for Explanation-Guided Learningcited by 35
- 2025Towards Trustworthy Retrieval Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 29
- 2023Rationalization for Explainable NLP: A Surveycited by 22
- 2021SPECTRA: Sparse Structured Text Rationalizationcited by 19
- 2023Learning by Self-Explainingcited by 17
- 2022CAVES: A Dataset to facilitate Explainable Classification and Summarization of Concerns towards COVID Vaccinescited by 16
- 2024Sparse and Structured Hopfield Networkscited by 13
- 2023Evaluating Generative Ad Hoc Information Retrievalcited by 11
- 2023Query Understanding in the Age of Large Language Modelscited by 7
- 2022Power of Explanations: Towards automatic debiasing in hate speech detectioncited by 5
17 more
- 2024Exploring the Trade-off Between Model Performance and Explanation Plausibility of Text Classifiers Using Human Rationalescited by 5
- 2025Towards Automated Fact-Checking of Real-World Claims: Exploring Task Formulation and Assessment with LLMscited by 5
- 2021Learnt Sparsification for Interpretable Graph Neural Networkscited by 4
- 2021FaxPlainAC: A Fact-Checking Tool Based on EXPLAINable Models with HumAn Correction in the Loopcited by 4
- 2022Rationale-Guided Few-Shot Classification to Detect Abusive Languagecited by 4
- 2023ExClaim: Explainable Neural Claim Verification Using Rationalizationcited by 4
- 2024RankSHAP: Shapley Value Based Feature Attributions for Learning to Rankcited by 4
- 2023Consistent Multi-Granular Rationale Extraction for Explainable Multi-hop Fact Verificationcited by 3
- 2025Dual-Head Reasoning Distillation: Improving Classifier Accuracy with Train-Time-Only Reasoningcited by 3
- 2022SparCAssist: A Model Risk Assessment Assistant Based on Sparse Generated Counterfactualscited by 1
- 2024Local Feature Selection without Label or Feature Leakage for Interpretable Machine Learning Predictionscited by 1
- 2022Identifying Suitable Tasks for Inductive Transfer Through the Analysis of Feature Attributionscited by 0
- 2024DISCO: DISCovering Overfittings as Causal Rules for Text Classification Modelscited by 0
- 2025Can human clinical rationales improve the performance and explainability of clinical text classification models?cited by 0
- 2025KITE: Kernelized and Information Theoretic Exemplars for In-Context Learningcited by 0
- 2025CREST: Improving Interpretability and Effectiveness of Troubleshooting at Ericsson through Criterion-Specific Trouble Report Retrievalcited by 0
- 2026Cross-Modal Rationale Transfer for Explainable Humanitarian Classification on Social Mediacited by 0
- 2026Cross-Modal Rationale Transfer for Explainable Humanitarian Classification on Social Media19 Mar 2026
- 2025CREST: Improving Interpretability and Effectiveness of Troubleshooting at Ericsson through Criterion-Specific Trouble Report Retrieval21 Nov 2025
- 2025Dual-Head Reasoning Distillation: Improving Classifier Accuracy with Train-Time-Only Reasoning25 Sep 2025
- 2025KITE: Kernelized and Information Theoretic Exemplars for In-Context Learning19 Sep 2025
- 2025Can human clinical rationales improve the performance and explainability of clinical text classification models?28 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Automated Fact-Checking of Real-World Claims: Exploring Task Formulation and Assessment with LLMs13 Feb 2025
- 2025Towards Trustworthy Retrieval Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey8 Feb 2025
- 2024DISCO: DISCovering Overfittings as Causal Rules for Text Classification Models7 Nov 2024
- 2024Local Feature Selection without Label or Feature Leakage for Interpretable Machine Learning Predictions16 Jul 2024
- 2024RankSHAP: Shapley Value Based Feature Attributions for Learning to Rank3 May 2024
- 2024Exploring the Trade-off Between Model Performance and Explanation Plausibility of Text Classifiers Using Human Rationales3 Apr 2024
- 2024Sparse and Structured Hopfield Networks21 Feb 2024
17 more
- 2023Evaluating Generative Ad Hoc Information Retrieval8 Nov 2023
- 2023Learning by Self-Explaining15 Sep 2023
- 2023Query Understanding in the Age of Large Language Models28 Jun 2023
- 2023Consistent Multi-Granular Rationale Extraction for Explainable Multi-hop Fact Verification16 May 2023
- 2023ExClaim: Explainable Neural Claim Verification Using Rationalization21 Jan 2023
- 2023Rationalization for Explainable NLP: A Survey21 Jan 2023
- 2022Going Beyond XAI: A Systematic Survey for Explanation-Guided Learning7 Dec 2022
- 2022Rationale-Guided Few-Shot Classification to Detect Abusive Language30 Nov 2022
- 2022Power of Explanations: Towards automatic debiasing in hate speech detection7 Sep 2022
- 2022End-to-End Multimodal Fact-Checking and Explanation Generation: A Challenging Dataset and Models25 May 2022
- 2022SparCAssist: A Model Risk Assessment Assistant Based on Sparse Generated Counterfactuals3 May 2022
- 2022CAVES: A Dataset to facilitate Explainable Classification and Summarization of Concerns towards COVID Vaccines28 Apr 2022
- 2022Identifying Suitable Tasks for Inductive Transfer Through the Analysis of Feature Attributions2 Feb 2022
- 2021FaxPlainAC: A Fact-Checking Tool Based on EXPLAINable Models with HumAn Correction in the Loop12 Sep 2021
- 2021SPECTRA: Sparse Structured Text Rationalization9 Sep 2021
- 2021Learnt Sparsification for Interpretable Graph Neural Networks23 Jun 2021
- 2021BERTnesia: Investigating the capture and forgetting of knowledge in BERT5 Jun 2021
- 2022End-to-End Multimodal Fact-Checking and Explanation Generation: A Challenging Dataset and Modelscited by 105
- 2021BERTnesia: Investigating the capture and forgetting of knowledge in BERTcited by 40
- 2022Going Beyond XAI: A Systematic Survey for Explanation-Guided Learningcited by 35
- 2023Rationalization for Explainable NLP: A Surveycited by 22
- 2021SPECTRA: Sparse Structured Text Rationalizationcited by 19
- 2023Learning by Self-Explainingcited by 17
- 2022CAVES: A Dataset to facilitate Explainable Classification and Summarization of Concerns towards COVID Vaccinescited by 16
- 2024Sparse and Structured Hopfield Networkscited by 13
- 2023Evaluating Generative Ad Hoc Information Retrievalcited by 11
- 2023Query Understanding in the Age of Large Language Modelscited by 7
- 2022Power of Explanations: Towards automatic debiasing in hate speech detectioncited by 5
- 2024Exploring the Trade-off Between Model Performance and Explanation Plausibility of Text Classifiers Using Human Rationalescited by 5
12 most cited of 27 All 27 (JSON)
- 2026Cross-Modal Rationale Transfer for Explainable Humanitarian Classification on Social Media19 Mar 2026
- 2025CREST: Improving Interpretability and Effectiveness of Troubleshooting at Ericsson through Criterion-Specific Trouble Report Retrieval21 Nov 2025
- 2025KITE: Kernelized and Information Theoretic Exemplars for In-Context Learning19 Sep 2025
- 2025Can human clinical rationales improve the performance and explainability of clinical text classification models?28 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Automated Fact-Checking of Real-World Claims: Exploring Task Formulation and Assessment with LLMs13 Feb 2025
- 2024DISCO: DISCovering Overfittings as Causal Rules for Text Classification Models7 Nov 2024
- 2024Local Feature Selection without Label or Feature Leakage for Interpretable Machine Learning Predictions16 Jul 2024
- 2024RankSHAP: Shapley Value Based Feature Attributions for Learning to Rank3 May 2024
- 2024Exploring the Trade-off Between Model Performance and Explanation Plausibility of Text Classifiers Using Human Rationales3 Apr 2024
- 2024Sparse and Structured Hopfield Networks21 Feb 2024
- 2023Evaluating Generative Ad Hoc Information Retrieval8 Nov 2023
- 2023Learning by Self-Explaining15 Sep 2023
12 newest of 27 All 27 (JSON)