Get It Scored Using AutoSAS -- An Automated System for Scoring Short Answers
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Abstract (arXiv)
In the era of MOOCs, online exams are taken by millions of candidates, where scoring short answers is an integral part. It becomes intractable to evaluate them by human graders. Thus, a generic automated system capable of grading these responses should be designed and deployed. In this paper, we present a fast, scalable, and accurate approach towards automated Short Answer Scoring (SAS). We propose and explain the design and development of a system for SAS, namely AutoSAS. Given a question along with its graded samples, AutoSAS can learn to grade that prompt successfully. This paper further lays down the features such as lexical diversity, Word2Vec, prompt, and content overlap that plays a pivotal role in building our proposed model. We also present a methodology for indicating the factors responsible for scoring an answer. The trained model is evaluated on an extensively used public dataset, namely Automated Student Assessment Prize Short Answer Scoring (ASAP-SAS). AutoSAS shows state-of-the-art performance and achieves better results by over 8% in some of the question prompts as measured by Quadratic Weighted Kappa (QWK), showing performance comparable to humans.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 4; 2023: 1; 2024: 5; 2025: 2.
18 papers.
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- 2021What all do audio transformer models hear? Probing Acoustic Representations for Language Delivery and its Structurecited by 52
- 2022Survey on Automated Short Answer Grading with Deep Learning: from Word Embeddings to Transformerscited by 20
- 2024Automated Text Scoring in the Age of Generative AI for the GPU-poorcited by 10
- 2021Speaker-Conditioned Hierarchical Modeling for Automated Speech Scoringcited by 8
- 2022Short-answer scoring with ensembles of pretrained language modelscited by 8
- 2022Balancing Cost and Quality: An Exploration of Human-in-the-loop Frameworks for Automated Short Answer Scoringcited by 8
- 2021Automated Speech Scoring System Under The Lens: Evaluating and interpreting the linguistic cues for language proficiencycited by 6
- 2021AES Systems Are Both Overstable And Oversensitive: Explaining Why And Proposing Defensescited by 5
- 2021Using Sampling to Estimate and Improve Performance of Automated Scoring Systems with Guaranteescited by 5
- 2022Span Classification with Structured Information for Disfluency Detection in Spoken Utterancescited by 5
- 2024Beyond Scores: A Modular RAG-Based System for Automatic Short Answer Scoring with Feedbackcited by 5
- 2021MINIMAL: Mining Models for Data Free Universal Adversarial Triggerscited by 4
6 more
- 2023H-AES: Towards Automated Essay Scoring for Hindicited by 3
- 2024Anna Karenina Strikes Again: Pre-Trained LLM Embeddings May Favor High-Performing Learnerscited by 2
- 2024Reducing the Cost: Cross-Prompt Pre-Finetuning for Short Answer Scoringcited by 1
- 2025Enhancing Security and Strengthening Defenses in Automated Short-Answer Grading Systemscited by 1
- 2025Interpretability from the Ground Up: Stakeholder-Centric Design of Automated Scoring in Educational Assessmentscited by 1
- 2024Is Our Chatbot Telling Lies? Assessing Correctness of an LLM-based Dutch Support Chatbotcited by 0
- 2025Interpretability from the Ground Up: Stakeholder-Centric Design of Automated Scoring in Educational Assessments21 Nov 2025
- 2025Enhancing Security and Strengthening Defenses in Automated Short-Answer Grading Systems30 Apr 2025
- 2024Is Our Chatbot Telling Lies? Assessing Correctness of an LLM-based Dutch Support Chatbot29 Oct 2024
- 2024Beyond Scores: A Modular RAG-Based System for Automatic Short Answer Scoring with Feedback30 Sep 2024
- 2024Reducing the Cost: Cross-Prompt Pre-Finetuning for Short Answer Scoring26 Aug 2024
- 2024Automated Text Scoring in the Age of Generative AI for the GPU-poor2 Jul 2024
- 2024Anna Karenina Strikes Again: Pre-Trained LLM Embeddings May Favor High-Performing Learners6 Jun 2024
- 2023H-AES: Towards Automated Essay Scoring for Hindi28 Feb 2023
- 2022Balancing Cost and Quality: An Exploration of Human-in-the-loop Frameworks for Automated Short Answer Scoring16 Jun 2022
- 2022Span Classification with Structured Information for Disfluency Detection in Spoken Utterances30 Mar 2022
- 2022Survey on Automated Short Answer Grading with Deep Learning: from Word Embeddings to Transformers11 Mar 2022
- 2022Short-answer scoring with ensembles of pretrained language models23 Feb 2022
6 more
- 2021Automated Speech Scoring System Under The Lens: Evaluating and interpreting the linguistic cues for language proficiency30 Nov 2021
- 2021Using Sampling to Estimate and Improve Performance of Automated Scoring Systems with Guarantees17 Nov 2021
- 2021MINIMAL: Mining Models for Data Free Universal Adversarial Triggers25 Sep 2021
- 2021AES Systems Are Both Overstable And Oversensitive: Explaining Why And Proposing Defenses24 Sep 2021
- 2021Speaker-Conditioned Hierarchical Modeling for Automated Speech Scoring30 Aug 2021
- 2021What all do audio transformer models hear? Probing Acoustic Representations for Language Delivery and its Structure2 Jan 2021
- 2021What all do audio transformer models hear? Probing Acoustic Representations for Language Delivery and its Structurecited by 52
- 2022Survey on Automated Short Answer Grading with Deep Learning: from Word Embeddings to Transformerscited by 20
- 2024Automated Text Scoring in the Age of Generative AI for the GPU-poorcited by 10
- 2021Speaker-Conditioned Hierarchical Modeling for Automated Speech Scoringcited by 8
- 2022Short-answer scoring with ensembles of pretrained language modelscited by 8
- 2022Balancing Cost and Quality: An Exploration of Human-in-the-loop Frameworks for Automated Short Answer Scoringcited by 8
- 2021Automated Speech Scoring System Under The Lens: Evaluating and interpreting the linguistic cues for language proficiencycited by 6
- 2021AES Systems Are Both Overstable And Oversensitive: Explaining Why And Proposing Defensescited by 5
- 2021Using Sampling to Estimate and Improve Performance of Automated Scoring Systems with Guaranteescited by 5
- 2022Span Classification with Structured Information for Disfluency Detection in Spoken Utterancescited by 5
- 2024Beyond Scores: A Modular RAG-Based System for Automatic Short Answer Scoring with Feedbackcited by 5
- 2021MINIMAL: Mining Models for Data Free Universal Adversarial Triggerscited by 4
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2025Interpretability from the Ground Up: Stakeholder-Centric Design of Automated Scoring in Educational Assessments21 Nov 2025
- 2025Enhancing Security and Strengthening Defenses in Automated Short-Answer Grading Systems30 Apr 2025
- 2024Is Our Chatbot Telling Lies? Assessing Correctness of an LLM-based Dutch Support Chatbot29 Oct 2024
- 2024Beyond Scores: A Modular RAG-Based System for Automatic Short Answer Scoring with Feedback30 Sep 2024
- 2024Reducing the Cost: Cross-Prompt Pre-Finetuning for Short Answer Scoring26 Aug 2024
- 2024Automated Text Scoring in the Age of Generative AI for the GPU-poor2 Jul 2024
- 2024Anna Karenina Strikes Again: Pre-Trained LLM Embeddings May Favor High-Performing Learners6 Jun 2024
- 2023H-AES: Towards Automated Essay Scoring for Hindi28 Feb 2023
- 2022Balancing Cost and Quality: An Exploration of Human-in-the-loop Frameworks for Automated Short Answer Scoring16 Jun 2022
- 2022Span Classification with Structured Information for Disfluency Detection in Spoken Utterances30 Mar 2022
- 2022Survey on Automated Short Answer Grading with Deep Learning: from Word Embeddings to Transformers11 Mar 2022
- 2022Short-answer scoring with ensembles of pretrained language models23 Feb 2022
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)