Efficient Training of Robust Decision Trees Against Adversarial Examples
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Abstract (arXiv)
In the present day we use machine learning for sensitive tasks that require models to be both understandable and robust. Although traditional models such as decision trees are understandable, they suffer from adversarial attacks. When a decision tree is used to differentiate between a user's benign and malicious behavior, an adversarial attack allows the user to effectively evade the model by perturbing the inputs the model receives. We can use algorithms that take adversarial attacks into account to fit trees that are more robust. In this work we propose an algorithm, GROOT, that is two orders of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art-work while scoring competitively on accuracy against adversaries. GROOT accepts an intuitive and permissible threat model. Where previous threat models were limited to distance norms, we allow each feature to be perturbed with a user-specified parameter: either a maximum distance or constraints on the direction of perturbation. Previous works assumed that both benign and malicious users attempt model evasion but we allow the user to select which classes perform adversarial attacks. Additionally, we introduce a hyperparameter rho that allows GROOT to trade off performance in the regular and adversarial settings.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 6; 2023: 7; 2024: 5; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
24 papers.
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- 2022Logic-Based Explainability in Machine Learningcited by 47
- 2022SoK: Explainable Machine Learning for Computer Security Applicationscited by 20
- 2022Adversarial Robustness for Tabular Data through Cost and Utility Awarenesscited by 14
- 2022Adaptative Perturbation Patterns: Realistic Adversarial Learning for Robust Intrusion Detectioncited by 13
- 2021Robust Optimal Classification Trees Against Adversarial Examplescited by 11
- 2023Towards Adversarial Realism and Robust Learning for IoT Intrusion Detection and Classificationcited by 10
- 2023SoK: Realistic Adversarial Attacks and Defenses for Intelligent Network Intrusion Detectioncited by 9
- 2024Learning Decision Trees and Forests with Algorithmic Recoursecited by 7
- 2022(De-)Randomized Smoothing for Decision Stump Ensemblescited by 5
- 2021Beyond Robustness: Resilience Verification of Tree-Based Classifierscited by 4
- 2023Prediction without Preclusion: Recourse Verification with Reachable Setscited by 4
- 2024Learning-Augmented Robust Algorithmic Recoursecited by 4
12 more
- 2023Verifiable Learning for Robust Tree Ensemblescited by 3
- 2025Optimal Robust Recourse with Lp-Bounded Model Changecited by 3
- 2023Naive Bayes Classifiers over Missing Data: Decision and Poisoningcited by 2
- 2023Coevolutionary Algorithm for Building Robust Decision Trees under Minimax Regretcited by 2
- 2023Learning Optimal Classification Trees Robust to Distribution Shiftscited by 1
- 2024Faster Repeated Evasion Attacks in Tree Ensemblescited by 1
- 2024Cultivating Archipelago of Forests: Evolving Robust Decision Trees through Island Coevolutioncited by 1
- 2022Adversarial Example Detection in Deployed Tree Ensemblescited by 0
- 2024Verifiable Boosted Tree Ensemblescited by 0
- 2025On the Efficiency of Training Robust Decision Treescited by 0
- 2025SPOT: Scalable Policy Optimization with Trees for Markov Decision Processescited by 0
- 2026DiPRL: Learning Discrete Programmatic Policies via Architecture Entropy Regularizationcited by 0
- 2026DiPRL: Learning Discrete Programmatic Policies via Architecture Entropy Regularization18 May 2026
- 2025SPOT: Scalable Policy Optimization with Trees for Markov Decision Processes22 Oct 2025
- 2025Optimal Robust Recourse with Lp-Bounded Model Change25 Sep 2025
- 2025On the Efficiency of Training Robust Decision Trees14 Jul 2025
- 2024Cultivating Archipelago of Forests: Evolving Robust Decision Trees through Island Coevolution18 Dec 2024
- 2024Learning-Augmented Robust Algorithmic Recourse2 Oct 2024
- 2024Learning Decision Trees and Forests with Algorithmic Recourse3 Jun 2024
- 2024Verifiable Boosted Tree Ensembles22 Feb 2024
- 2024Faster Repeated Evasion Attacks in Tree Ensembles13 Feb 2024
- 2023Coevolutionary Algorithm for Building Robust Decision Trees under Minimax Regret14 Dec 2023
- 2023Learning Optimal Classification Trees Robust to Distribution Shifts26 Oct 2023
- 2023Prediction without Preclusion: Recourse Verification with Reachable Sets24 Aug 2023
12 more
- 2023SoK: Realistic Adversarial Attacks and Defenses for Intelligent Network Intrusion Detection13 Aug 2023
- 2023Verifiable Learning for Robust Tree Ensembles5 May 2023
- 2023Naive Bayes Classifiers over Missing Data: Decision and Poisoning8 Mar 2023
- 2023Towards Adversarial Realism and Robust Learning for IoT Intrusion Detection and Classification30 Jan 2023
- 2022Logic-Based Explainability in Machine Learning24 Oct 2022
- 2022Adversarial Robustness for Tabular Data through Cost and Utility Awareness27 Aug 2022
- 2022SoK: Explainable Machine Learning for Computer Security Applications22 Aug 2022
- 2022Adversarial Example Detection in Deployed Tree Ensembles27 Jun 2022
- 2022(De-)Randomized Smoothing for Decision Stump Ensembles27 May 2022
- 2022Adaptative Perturbation Patterns: Realistic Adversarial Learning for Robust Intrusion Detection8 Mar 2022
- 2021Beyond Robustness: Resilience Verification of Tree-Based Classifiers5 Dec 2021
- 2021Robust Optimal Classification Trees Against Adversarial Examples8 Sep 2021
- 2022Logic-Based Explainability in Machine Learningcited by 47
- 2022SoK: Explainable Machine Learning for Computer Security Applicationscited by 20
- 2022Adversarial Robustness for Tabular Data through Cost and Utility Awarenesscited by 14
- 2022Adaptative Perturbation Patterns: Realistic Adversarial Learning for Robust Intrusion Detectioncited by 13
- 2021Robust Optimal Classification Trees Against Adversarial Examplescited by 11
- 2023Towards Adversarial Realism and Robust Learning for IoT Intrusion Detection and Classificationcited by 10
- 2023SoK: Realistic Adversarial Attacks and Defenses for Intelligent Network Intrusion Detectioncited by 9
- 2024Learning Decision Trees and Forests with Algorithmic Recoursecited by 7
- 2022(De-)Randomized Smoothing for Decision Stump Ensemblescited by 5
- 2021Beyond Robustness: Resilience Verification of Tree-Based Classifierscited by 4
- 2023Prediction without Preclusion: Recourse Verification with Reachable Setscited by 4
- 2024Learning-Augmented Robust Algorithmic Recoursecited by 4
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026DiPRL: Learning Discrete Programmatic Policies via Architecture Entropy Regularization18 May 2026
- 2025SPOT: Scalable Policy Optimization with Trees for Markov Decision Processes22 Oct 2025
- 2025Optimal Robust Recourse with Lp-Bounded Model Change25 Sep 2025
- 2025On the Efficiency of Training Robust Decision Trees14 Jul 2025
- 2024Cultivating Archipelago of Forests: Evolving Robust Decision Trees through Island Coevolution18 Dec 2024
- 2024Learning-Augmented Robust Algorithmic Recourse2 Oct 2024
- 2024Learning Decision Trees and Forests with Algorithmic Recourse3 Jun 2024
- 2024Verifiable Boosted Tree Ensembles22 Feb 2024
- 2024Faster Repeated Evasion Attacks in Tree Ensembles13 Feb 2024
- 2023Coevolutionary Algorithm for Building Robust Decision Trees under Minimax Regret14 Dec 2023
- 2023Learning Optimal Classification Trees Robust to Distribution Shifts26 Oct 2023
- 2023Prediction without Preclusion: Recourse Verification with Reachable Sets24 Aug 2023
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)