Refining Deep Generative Models via Discriminator Gradient Flow
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Abstract (arXiv)
Deep generative modeling has seen impressive advances in recent years, to the point where it is now commonplace to see simulated samples (e.g., images) that closely resemble real-world data. However, generation quality is generally inconsistent for any given model and can vary dramatically between samples. We introduce Discriminator Gradient flow (DGflow), a new technique that improves generated samples via the gradient flow of entropy-regularized f-divergences between the real and the generated data distributions. The gradient flow takes the form of a non-linear Fokker-Plank equation, which can be easily simulated by sampling from the equivalent McKean-Vlasov process. By refining inferior samples, our technique avoids wasteful sample rejection used by previous methods (DRS & MH-GAN). Compared to existing works that focus on specific GAN variants, we show our refinement approach can be applied to GANs with vector-valued critics and even other deep generative models such as VAEs and Normalizing Flows. Empirical results on multiple synthetic, image, and text datasets demonstrate that DGflow leads to significant improvement in the quality of generated samples for a variety of generative models, outperforming the state-of-the-art Discriminator Optimal Transport (DOT) and Discriminator Driven Latent Sampling (DDLS) methods.
Key facts. Cited by 45 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 5; 2023: 18; 2024: 8; 2025: 2; 2026: 4.
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- 2021Score-based Generative Modeling in Latent Spacecited by 634
- 2021Tackling the Generative Learning Trilemma with Denoising Diffusion GANscited by 515
- 2023Diff-Instruct: A Universal Approach for Transferring Knowledge From Pre-trained Diffusion Modelscited by 232
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- 2022Maximum Likelihood Training of Implicit Nonlinear Diffusion Modelscited by 42
- 2023Generative Modeling through the Semi-dual Formulation of Unbalanced Optimal Transportcited by 39
- 2023Generative Sliced MMD Flows with Riesz Kernelscited by 36
- 2023A mean-field games laboratory for generative modelingcited by 28
- 2024Scalable Wasserstein Gradient Flow for Generative Modeling through Unbalanced Optimal Transportcited by 22
33 more
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- 2025Solving Inverse Problems via Diffusion-Based Priors: An Approximation-Free Ensemble Sampling Approachcited by 18
- 2023Gaussian Interpolation Flowscited by 17
- 2023MonoFlow: Rethinking Divergence GANs via the Perspective of Wasserstein Gradient Flowscited by 12
- 2022Learning Probabilistic Models from Generator Latent Spaces with Hat EBMcited by 11
- 2021BIGRoC: Boosting Image Generation via a Robust Classifiercited by 9
- 2023Neural Wasserstein Gradient Flows for Maximum Mean Discrepancies with Riesz Kernelscited by 9
- 2024Variational Schr"odinger Diffusion Modelscited by 9
- 2023Minimizing f-Divergences by Interpolating Velocity Fieldscited by 8
- 2023Analyzing and Improving Optimal-Transport-based Adversarial Networkscited by 8
- 2023Bridging the Gap Between Variational Inference and Wasserstein Gradient Flowscited by 8
- 2024Neural Sinkhorn Gradient Flowcited by 8
- 2023Diffusion Models with Deterministic Normalizing Flow Priorscited by 7
- 2023Restoration based Generative Modelscited by 6
- 2023Don't be so negative! Score-based Generative Modeling with Oracle-assisted Guidancecited by 6
- 2022GANs as Gradient Flows that Convergecited by 5
- 2023Optimal Budgeted Rejection Sampling for Generative Modelscited by 5
- 2023Module-wise Training of Neural Networks via the Minimizing Movement Schemecited by 4
- 2024Neural McKean-Vlasov Processes: Distributional Dependence in Diffusion Processescited by 4
- 2024Inclusive KL Gradient Flows: Otto-Wasserstein, Fisher-Rao-Gaussian, and Local-Estimator Dynamicscited by 4
- 2026Efficient Generative Modeling beyond Memoryless Diffusion via Adjoint Schr"odinger Bridge Matchingcited by 4
- 2024Statistical and Geometrical properties of regularized Kernel Kullback-Leibler divergencecited by 3
- 2021EBMs Trained with Maximum Likelihood are Generator Models Trained with a Self-adverserial Losscited by 2
- 2023Generative Modeling with Flow-Guided Density Ratio Learningcited by 2
- 2023TR0N: Translator Networks for 0-Shot Plug-and-Play Conditional Generationcited by 2
- 2025Improving Discriminator Guidance in Diffusion Modelscited by 2
- 2021Rethinking Multidimensional Discriminator Output for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 1
- 2022Block-wise Training of Residual Networks via the Minimizing Movement Schemecited by 1
- 2026PR-MaGIC: Prompt Refinement Via Mask Decoder Gradient Flow For In-Context Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026Difference of Convex Programming in the Wasserstein Space with Applications to MMD Optimizationcited by 0
- 2026One-Step Generative Modeling via Unbalanced Optimal Transportcited by 0
- 2026One-Step Generative Modeling via Unbalanced Optimal Transport26 Sep 2026
- 2026Difference of Convex Programming in the Wasserstein Space with Applications to MMD Optimization26 Jun 2026
- 2026PR-MaGIC: Prompt Refinement Via Mask Decoder Gradient Flow For In-Context Segmentation13 Apr 2026
- 2026Efficient Generative Modeling beyond Memoryless Diffusion via Adjoint Schr"odinger Bridge Matching17 Feb 2026
- 2025Solving Inverse Problems via Diffusion-Based Priors: An Approximation-Free Ensemble Sampling Approach4 Jun 2025
- 2025Improving Discriminator Guidance in Diffusion Models20 Mar 2025
- 2024Inclusive KL Gradient Flows: Otto-Wasserstein, Fisher-Rao-Gaussian, and Local-Estimator Dynamics31 Oct 2024
- 2024Statistical and Geometrical properties of regularized Kernel Kullback-Leibler divergence29 Aug 2024
- 2024Deep MMD Gradient Flow without adversarial training10 May 2024
- 2024Variational Schr"odinger Diffusion Models8 May 2024
- 2024Neural McKean-Vlasov Processes: Distributional Dependence in Diffusion Processes15 Apr 2024
- 2024Don't Start from Scratch: Behavioral Refinement via Interpolant-based Policy Diffusion25 Feb 2024
33 more
- 2024Scalable Wasserstein Gradient Flow for Generative Modeling through Unbalanced Optimal Transport8 Feb 2024
- 2024Neural Sinkhorn Gradient Flow25 Jan 2024
- 2023Gaussian Interpolation Flows20 Nov 2023
- 2023Optimal Budgeted Rejection Sampling for Generative Models1 Nov 2023
- 2023Bridging the Gap Between Variational Inference and Wasserstein Gradient Flows31 Oct 2023
- 2023Analyzing and Improving Optimal-Transport-based Adversarial Networks4 Oct 2023
- 2023Module-wise Training of Neural Networks via the Minimizing Movement Scheme29 Sep 2023
- 2023Diffusion Models with Deterministic Normalizing Flow Priors3 Sep 2023
- 2023Don't be so negative! Score-based Generative Modeling with Oracle-assisted Guidance31 Jul 2023
- 2023Diff-Instruct: A Universal Approach for Transferring Knowledge From Pre-trained Diffusion Models29 May 2023
- 2023Unifying GANs and Score-Based Diffusion as Generative Particle Models25 May 2023
- 2023Minimizing f-Divergences by Interpolating Velocity Fields24 May 2023
- 2023Generative Modeling through the Semi-dual Formulation of Unbalanced Optimal Transport24 May 2023
- 2023Generative Sliced MMD Flows with Riesz Kernels19 May 2023
- 2023TR0N: Translator Networks for 0-Shot Plug-and-Play Conditional Generation26 Apr 2023
- 2023A mean-field games laboratory for generative modeling26 Apr 2023
- 2023Generative Modeling with Flow-Guided Density Ratio Learning7 Mar 2023
- 2023Restoration based Generative Models20 Feb 2023
- 2023MonoFlow: Rethinking Divergence GANs via the Perspective of Wasserstein Gradient Flows2 Feb 2023
- 2023Neural Wasserstein Gradient Flows for Maximum Mean Discrepancies with Riesz Kernels27 Jan 2023
- 2022Learning Probabilistic Models from Generator Latent Spaces with Hat EBM29 Oct 2022
- 2022Block-wise Training of Residual Networks via the Minimizing Movement Scheme3 Oct 2022
- 2022Maximum Likelihood Training of Implicit Nonlinear Diffusion Models27 May 2022
- 2022GANs as Gradient Flows that Converge5 May 2022
- 2022Truncated Diffusion Probabilistic Models and Diffusion-based Adversarial Auto-Encoders19 Feb 2022
- 2021Tackling the Generative Learning Trilemma with Denoising Diffusion GANs15 Dec 2021
- 2021Score-Based Generative Modeling with Critically-Damped Langevin Diffusion14 Dec 2021
- 2021Likelihood Training of Schr"odinger Bridge using Forward-Backward SDEs Theory21 Oct 2021
- 2021Controllable and Compositional Generation with Latent-Space Energy-Based Models21 Oct 2021
- 2021Rethinking Multidimensional Discriminator Output for Generative Adversarial Networks8 Sep 2021
- 2021BIGRoC: Boosting Image Generation via a Robust Classifier8 Aug 2021
- 2021Score-based Generative Modeling in Latent Space10 Jun 2021
- 2021EBMs Trained with Maximum Likelihood are Generator Models Trained with a Self-adverserial Loss23 Feb 2021
- 2021Score-based Generative Modeling in Latent Spacecited by 634
- 2021Tackling the Generative Learning Trilemma with Denoising Diffusion GANscited by 515
- 2023Diff-Instruct: A Universal Approach for Transferring Knowledge From Pre-trained Diffusion Modelscited by 232
- 2021Score-Based Generative Modeling with Critically-Damped Langevin Diffusioncited by 230
- 2022Truncated Diffusion Probabilistic Models and Diffusion-based Adversarial Auto-Encoderscited by 42
- 2022Maximum Likelihood Training of Implicit Nonlinear Diffusion Modelscited by 42
- 2023Unifying GANs and Score-Based Diffusion as Generative Particle Modelscited by 21
- 2024Don't Start from Scratch: Behavioral Refinement via Interpolant-based Policy Diffusioncited by 21
- 2025Solving Inverse Problems via Diffusion-Based Priors: An Approximation-Free Ensemble Sampling Approachcited by 18
- 2024Variational Schr"odinger Diffusion Modelscited by 9
- 2023Diffusion Models with Deterministic Normalizing Flow Priorscited by 7
- 2023Restoration based Generative Modelscited by 6
12 most cited of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2026Efficient Generative Modeling beyond Memoryless Diffusion via Adjoint Schr"odinger Bridge Matching17 Feb 2026
- 2025Solving Inverse Problems via Diffusion-Based Priors: An Approximation-Free Ensemble Sampling Approach4 Jun 2025
- 2025Improving Discriminator Guidance in Diffusion Models20 Mar 2025
- 2024Variational Schr"odinger Diffusion Models8 May 2024
- 2024Don't Start from Scratch: Behavioral Refinement via Interpolant-based Policy Diffusion25 Feb 2024
- 2023Diffusion Models with Deterministic Normalizing Flow Priors3 Sep 2023
- 2023Don't be so negative! Score-based Generative Modeling with Oracle-assisted Guidance31 Jul 2023
- 2023Diff-Instruct: A Universal Approach for Transferring Knowledge From Pre-trained Diffusion Models29 May 2023
- 2023Unifying GANs and Score-Based Diffusion as Generative Particle Models25 May 2023
- 2023Restoration based Generative Models20 Feb 2023
- 2022Maximum Likelihood Training of Implicit Nonlinear Diffusion Models27 May 2022
- 2022Truncated Diffusion Probabilistic Models and Diffusion-based Adversarial Auto-Encoders19 Feb 2022
12 newest of 15 All 15 (JSON)
- 2021Likelihood Training of Schr"odinger Bridge using Forward-Backward SDEs Theorycited by 216
- 2021Controllable and Compositional Generation with Latent-Space Energy-Based Modelscited by 64
- 2023Generative Modeling through the Semi-dual Formulation of Unbalanced Optimal Transportcited by 39
- 2023Generative Sliced MMD Flows with Riesz Kernelscited by 36
- 2023A mean-field games laboratory for generative modelingcited by 28
- 2024Scalable Wasserstein Gradient Flow for Generative Modeling through Unbalanced Optimal Transportcited by 22
- 2024Deep MMD Gradient Flow without adversarial trainingcited by 18
- 2023Gaussian Interpolation Flowscited by 17
- 2023MonoFlow: Rethinking Divergence GANs via the Perspective of Wasserstein Gradient Flowscited by 12
- 2022Learning Probabilistic Models from Generator Latent Spaces with Hat EBMcited by 11
- 2021BIGRoC: Boosting Image Generation via a Robust Classifiercited by 9
- 2023Neural Wasserstein Gradient Flows for Maximum Mean Discrepancies with Riesz Kernelscited by 9
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026One-Step Generative Modeling via Unbalanced Optimal Transport26 Sep 2026
- 2026Difference of Convex Programming in the Wasserstein Space with Applications to MMD Optimization26 Jun 2026
- 2026PR-MaGIC: Prompt Refinement Via Mask Decoder Gradient Flow For In-Context Segmentation13 Apr 2026
- 2024Inclusive KL Gradient Flows: Otto-Wasserstein, Fisher-Rao-Gaussian, and Local-Estimator Dynamics31 Oct 2024
- 2024Statistical and Geometrical properties of regularized Kernel Kullback-Leibler divergence29 Aug 2024
- 2024Deep MMD Gradient Flow without adversarial training10 May 2024
- 2024Neural McKean-Vlasov Processes: Distributional Dependence in Diffusion Processes15 Apr 2024
- 2024Scalable Wasserstein Gradient Flow for Generative Modeling through Unbalanced Optimal Transport8 Feb 2024
- 2024Neural Sinkhorn Gradient Flow25 Jan 2024
- 2023Gaussian Interpolation Flows20 Nov 2023
- 2023Optimal Budgeted Rejection Sampling for Generative Models1 Nov 2023
- 2023Bridging the Gap Between Variational Inference and Wasserstein Gradient Flows31 Oct 2023
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)