HAWQV3: Dyadic Neural Network Quantization
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Abstract (arXiv)
Current low-precision quantization algorithms often have the hidden cost of conversion back and forth from floating point to quantized integer values. This hidden cost limits the latency improvement realized by quantizing Neural Networks. To address this, we present HAWQV3, a novel mixed-precision integer-only quantization framework. The contributions of HAWQV3 are the following: (i) An integer-only inference where the entire computational graph is performed only with integer multiplication, addition, and bit shifting, without any floating point operations or even integer division; (ii) A novel hardware-aware mixed-precision quantization method where the bit-precision is calculated by solving an integer linear programming problem that balances the trade-off between model perturbation and other constraints, e.g., memory footprint and latency; (iii) Direct hardware deployment and open source contribution for 4-bit uniform/mixed-precision quantization in TVM, achieving an average speed up of 1.45× for uniform 4-bit, as compared to uniform 8-bit for ResNet50 on T4 GPUs; and (iv) extensive evaluation of the proposed methods on ResNet18/50 and InceptionV3, for various model compression levels with/without mixed precision. For ResNet50, our INT8 quantization achieves an accuracy of 77.58%, which is 2.68% higher than prior integer-only work, and our mixed-precision INT4/8 quantization can reduce INT8 latency by 23% and still achieve 76.73% accuracy. Our framework and the TVM implementation have been open sourced.
Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 12; 2023: 19; 2024: 6; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.
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- 2021A Survey of Quantization Methods for Efficient Neural Network Inferencecited by 815
- 2023SqueezeLLM: Dense-and-Sparse Quantizationcited by 294
- 2021I-BERT: Integer-only BERT Quantizationcited by 255
- 2023Full Stack Optimization of Transformer Inference: a Surveycited by 80
- 2022NoisyQuant: Noisy Bias-Enhanced Post-Training Activation Quantization for Vision Transformerscited by 61
- 2021Differentiable Model Compression via Pseudo Quantization Noisecited by 45
- 2023A Survey of Techniques for Optimizing Transformer Inferencecited by 35
- 2021Applications and Techniques for Fast Machine Learning in Sciencecited by 32
- 2022SDQ: Stochastic Differentiable Quantization with Mixed Precisioncited by 28
- 2021Sharpness-aware Quantization for Deep Neural Networkscited by 25
- 2023EMQ: Evolving Training-free Proxies for Automated Mixed Precision Quantizationcited by 22
- 2021Integer-only Zero-shot Quantization for Efficient Speech Recognitioncited by 19
38 more
- 2021HAO: Hardware-aware neural Architecture Optimization for Efficient Inferencecited by 16
- 2023Patch-wise Mixed-Precision Quantization of Vision Transformercited by 15
- 2021Neural Network Quantization for Efficient Inference: A Surveycited by 14
- 2024QT-DoG: Quantization-aware Training for Domain Generalizationcited by 13
- 2021BMPQ: Bit-Gradient Sensitivity Driven Mixed-Precision Quantization of DNNs from Scratchcited by 11
- 2023Flexible and Fully Quantized Ultra-Lightweight TinyissimoYOLO for Ultra-Low-Power Edge Systemscited by 11
- 2025Low-bit Model Quantization for Deep Neural Networks: A Surveycited by 11
- 2021Confounding Tradeoffs for Neural Network Quantizationcited by 9
- 2021Finding the Task-Optimal Low-Bit Sub-Distribution in Deep Neural Networkscited by 9
- 2022Bitwidth-Adaptive Quantization-Aware Neural Network Training: A Meta-Learning Approachcited by 9
- 2023DeepGEMM: Accelerated Ultra Low-Precision Inference on CPU Architectures using Lookup Tablescited by 8
- 2023MetaMix: Meta-state Precision Searcher for Mixed-precision Activation Quantizationcited by 7
- 2024TransAxx: Efficient Transformers with Approximate Computingcited by 7
- 2024eXmY: A Data Type and Technique for Arbitrary Bit Precision Quantizationcited by 7
- 2021Neuroevolution-Enhanced Multi-Objective Optimization for Mixed-Precision Quantizationcited by 6
- 2023FLIQS: One-Shot Mixed-Precision Floating-Point and Integer Quantization Searchcited by 6
- 2023Low-bit Quantization for Deep Graph Neural Networks with Smoothness-aware Message Propagationcited by 5
- 2023M4BRAM: Mixed-Precision Matrix-Matrix Multiplication in FPGA Block RAMscited by 5
- 2025Exploring Layer-wise Information Effectiveness for Post-Training Quantization in Small Language Modelscited by 5
- 2021Quantization of Generative Adversarial Networks for Efficient Inference: a Methodological Studycited by 4
- 2022Neural Networks with Quantization Constraintscited by 4
- 2022Vertical Layering of Quantized Neural Networks for Heterogeneous Inferencecited by 4
- 2023QBitOpt: Fast and Accurate Bitwidth Reallocation during Trainingcited by 4
- 2024P2-ViT: Power-of-Two Post-Training Quantization and Acceleration for Fully Quantized Vision Transformercited by 4
- 2025Histogram-Equalized Quantization for logic-gated Residual Neural Networkscited by 4
- 2025LlamaRestTest: Effective REST API Testing with Small Language Modelscited by 4
- 2022Symmetry Regularization and Saturating Nonlinearity for Robust Quantizationcited by 3
- 2022Quantization-aware Interval Bound Propagation for Training Certifiably Robust Quantized Neural Networkscited by 3
- 2023Augmenting Hessians with Inter-Layer Dependencies for Mixed-Precision Post-Training Quantizationcited by 3
- 2023Resource Efficient Neural Networks Using Hessian Based Pruningcited by 3
- 2024Trio-ViT: Post-Training Quantization and Acceleration for Softmax-Free Efficient Vision Transformercited by 3
- 2025A General Error-Theoretical Analysis Framework for Constructing Compression Strategiescited by 3
- 2026Q-Strata: Hierarchical Bit Allocation for Mixed-Precision Quantization of Mixture-of-Experts LLMscited by 3
- 2023End-to-end codesign of Hessian-aware quantized neural networks for FPGAs and ASICscited by 2
- 2026MixQuant: Adaptive Mixed-Precision Quantization for Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2021Integer-Only Neural Network Quantization Scheme Based on Shift-Batch-Normalizationcited by 1
- 2023ZeroQuant-HERO: Hardware-Enhanced Robust Optimized Post-Training Quantization Framework for W8A8 Transformerscited by 1
- 2024ARQ: A Mixed-Precision Quantization Framework for Accurate and Certifiably Robust DNNscited by 1
50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2026Q-Strata: Hierarchical Bit Allocation for Mixed-Precision Quantization of Mixture-of-Experts LLMs31 Aug 2026
- 2026A Layer Importance Metric for Quantization Accounting for the Speed-Quality Trade-off in Autoregressive Models27 Aug 2026
- 2026MixQuant: Adaptive Mixed-Precision Quantization for Large Language Models25 Jul 2026
- 2025Exploring Layer-wise Information Effectiveness for Post-Training Quantization in Small Language Models5 Aug 2025
- 2025Low-bit Model Quantization for Deep Neural Networks: A Survey8 May 2025
- 2025Neural Signal Compression using RAMAN tinyML Accelerator for BCI Applications9 Apr 2025
- 2025A General Error-Theoretical Analysis Framework for Constructing Compression Strategies19 Feb 2025
- 2025LlamaRestTest: Effective REST API Testing with Small Language Models15 Jan 2025
- 2025Histogram-Equalized Quantization for logic-gated Residual Neural Networks8 Jan 2025
- 2024ARQ: A Mixed-Precision Quantization Framework for Accurate and Certifiably Robust DNNs31 Oct 2024
- 2024QT-DoG: Quantization-aware Training for Domain Generalization8 Oct 2024
- 2024P2-ViT: Power-of-Two Post-Training Quantization and Acceleration for Fully Quantized Vision Transformer30 May 2024
38 more
- 2024eXmY: A Data Type and Technique for Arbitrary Bit Precision Quantization22 May 2024
- 2024Trio-ViT: Post-Training Quantization and Acceleration for Softmax-Free Efficient Vision Transformer6 May 2024
- 2024TransAxx: Efficient Transformers with Approximate Computing12 Feb 2024
- 2023MetaMix: Meta-state Precision Searcher for Mixed-precision Activation Quantization12 Nov 2023
- 2023M4BRAM: Mixed-Precision Matrix-Matrix Multiplication in FPGA Block RAMs5 Nov 2023
- 2023ZeroQuant-HERO: Hardware-Enhanced Robust Optimized Post-Training Quantization Framework for W8A8 Transformers26 Oct 2023
- 2023Cost-Driven Hardware-Software Co-Optimization of Machine Learning Pipelines11 Oct 2023
- 2023DeepliteRT: Computer Vision at the Edge19 Sep 2023
- 2023Low-bit Quantization for Deep Graph Neural Networks with Smoothness-aware Message Propagation29 Aug 2023
- 2023FLIQS: One-Shot Mixed-Precision Floating-Point and Integer Quantization Search7 Aug 2023
- 2023EMQ: Evolving Training-free Proxies for Automated Mixed Precision Quantization20 Jul 2023
- 2023A Survey of Techniques for Optimizing Transformer Inference16 Jul 2023
- 2023Flexible and Fully Quantized Ultra-Lightweight TinyissimoYOLO for Ultra-Low-Power Edge Systems12 Jul 2023
- 2023QBitOpt: Fast and Accurate Bitwidth Reallocation during Training10 Jul 2023
- 2023SqueezeLLM: Dense-and-Sparse Quantization13 Jun 2023
- 2023Resource Efficient Neural Networks Using Hessian Based Pruning12 Jun 2023
- 2023Augmenting Hessians with Inter-Layer Dependencies for Mixed-Precision Post-Training Quantization8 Jun 2023
- 2023Patch-wise Mixed-Precision Quantization of Vision Transformer11 May 2023
- 2023DeepGEMM: Accelerated Ultra Low-Precision Inference on CPU Architectures using Lookup Tables18 Apr 2023
- 2023End-to-end codesign of Hessian-aware quantized neural networks for FPGAs and ASICs13 Apr 2023
- 2023Modular Quantization-Aware Training for 6D Object Pose Estimation12 Mar 2023
- 2023Full Stack Optimization of Transformer Inference: a Survey27 Feb 2023
- 2022CSMPQ:Class Separability Based Mixed-Precision Quantization20 Dec 2022
- 2022Vertical Layering of Quantized Neural Networks for Heterogeneous Inference10 Dec 2022
- 2022Quantization-aware Interval Bound Propagation for Training Certifiably Robust Quantized Neural Networks29 Nov 2022
- 2022NoisyQuant: Noisy Bias-Enhanced Post-Training Activation Quantization for Vision Transformers29 Nov 2022
- 2022Block-Wise Dynamic-Precision Neural Network Training Acceleration via Online Quantization Sensitivity Analytics31 Oct 2022
- 2022Neural Networks with Quantization Constraints27 Oct 2022
- 2022Convolutional Neural Networks Quantization with Attention30 Sep 2022
- 2022Symmetry Regularization and Saturating Nonlinearity for Robust Quantization31 Jul 2022
- 2022Bitwidth-Adaptive Quantization-Aware Neural Network Training: A Meta-Learning Approach20 Jul 2022
- 2022Mixed-Precision Inference Quantization: Radically Towards Faster inference speed, Lower Storage requirement, and Lower Loss20 Jul 2022
- 2022SDQ: Stochastic Differentiable Quantization with Mixed Precision9 Jun 2022
- 2022Quantization in Layer's Input is Matter10 Feb 2022
- 2021Finding the Task-Optimal Low-Bit Sub-Distribution in Deep Neural Networks30 Dec 2021
- 2021BMPQ: Bit-Gradient Sensitivity Driven Mixed-Precision Quantization of DNNs from Scratch24 Dec 2021
- 2021Neural Network Quantization for Efficient Inference: A Survey8 Dec 2021
- 2021Sharpness-aware Quantization for Deep Neural Networks24 Nov 2021
50 newest of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2021A Survey of Quantization Methods for Efficient Neural Network Inferencecited by 815
- 2023SqueezeLLM: Dense-and-Sparse Quantizationcited by 294
- 2021I-BERT: Integer-only BERT Quantizationcited by 255
- 2023Full Stack Optimization of Transformer Inference: a Surveycited by 80
- 2022NoisyQuant: Noisy Bias-Enhanced Post-Training Activation Quantization for Vision Transformerscited by 61
- 2021Differentiable Model Compression via Pseudo Quantization Noisecited by 45
- 2023A Survey of Techniques for Optimizing Transformer Inferencecited by 35
- 2021Applications and Techniques for Fast Machine Learning in Sciencecited by 32
- 2022SDQ: Stochastic Differentiable Quantization with Mixed Precisioncited by 28
- 2021Sharpness-aware Quantization for Deep Neural Networkscited by 25
- 2023EMQ: Evolving Training-free Proxies for Automated Mixed Precision Quantizationcited by 22
- 2021Integer-only Zero-shot Quantization for Efficient Speech Recognitioncited by 19
12 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2026A Layer Importance Metric for Quantization Accounting for the Speed-Quality Trade-off in Autoregressive Models27 Aug 2026
- 2026MixQuant: Adaptive Mixed-Precision Quantization for Large Language Models25 Jul 2026
- 2025Exploring Layer-wise Information Effectiveness for Post-Training Quantization in Small Language Models5 Aug 2025
- 2025Low-bit Model Quantization for Deep Neural Networks: A Survey8 May 2025
- 2025Neural Signal Compression using RAMAN tinyML Accelerator for BCI Applications9 Apr 2025
- 2025A General Error-Theoretical Analysis Framework for Constructing Compression Strategies19 Feb 2025
- 2025LlamaRestTest: Effective REST API Testing with Small Language Models15 Jan 2025
- 2025Histogram-Equalized Quantization for logic-gated Residual Neural Networks8 Jan 2025
- 2024ARQ: A Mixed-Precision Quantization Framework for Accurate and Certifiably Robust DNNs31 Oct 2024
- 2024QT-DoG: Quantization-aware Training for Domain Generalization8 Oct 2024
- 2024P2-ViT: Power-of-Two Post-Training Quantization and Acceleration for Fully Quantized Vision Transformer30 May 2024
- 2024eXmY: A Data Type and Technique for Arbitrary Bit Precision Quantization22 May 2024
12 newest of 59 All 59 (JSON)