mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Confounding Tradeoffs for Neural Network Quantization

arXiv 2102.06366 ↗First posted 12 Feb 2021cs.LG cs.CVcited by 9

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Many neural network quantization techniques have been developed to decrease the computational and memory footprint of deep learning. However, these methods are evaluated subject to confounding tradeoffs that may affect inference acceleration or resource complexity in exchange for higher accuracy. In this work, we articulate a variety of tradeoffs whose impact is often overlooked and empirically analyze their impact on uniform and mixed-precision post-training quantization, finding that these confounding tradeoffs may have a larger impact on quantized network accuracy than the actual quantization methods themselves. Because these tradeoffs constrain the attainable hardware acceleration for different use-cases, we encourage researchers to explicitly report these design choices through the structure of "quantization cards." We expect quantization cards to help researchers compare methods more effectively and engineers determine the applicability of quantization techniques for their hardware.

Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Feb 2021.

Builds on

36 of 46 references.

References · 36

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2013Estimating or Propagating Gradients Through Stochastic Neurons for Conditional Computationcited by 2,031
  4. 2017Quantization and Training of Neural Networks for Efficient Integer-Arithmetic-Only Inferencecited by 1,548
  5. 2018Datasheets for Datasetscited by 1,371
  6. 2018Model Cards for Model Reportingcited by 1,068
  7. 2019Once-for-All: Train One Network and Specialize it for Efficient Deploymentcited by 778
  8. 2019Learned Step Size Quantizationcited by 604
  9. 2020Up or Down? Adaptive Rounding for Post-Training Quantizationcited by 600
  10. 2018Quantizing deep convolutional networks for efficient inference: A whitepapercited by 507
  11. 2018PACT: Parameterized Clipping Activation for Quantized Neural Networkscited by 456
  12. 2018HAQ: Hardware-Aware Automated Quantization with Mixed Precisioncited by 426
24 more
  1. 2019HAWQ: Hessian AWare Quantization of Neural Networks with Mixed-Precisioncited by 387
  2. 2019Data-Free Quantization Through Weight Equalization and Bias Correctioncited by 328
  3. 2019Q8BERT: Quantized 8Bit BERTcited by 296
  4. 2018LQ-Nets: Learned Quantization for Highly Accurate and Compact Deep Neural Networkscited by 272
  5. 2020ZeroQ: A Novel Zero Shot Quantization Frameworkcited by 265
  6. 2019HAWQ-V2: Hessian Aware trace-Weighted Quantization of Neural Networkscited by 250
  7. 2021I-BERT: Integer-only BERT Quantizationcited by 250
  8. 2018Bi-Real Net: Enhancing the Performance of 1-bit CNNs With Improved Representational Capability and Advanced Training Algorithmcited by 233
  9. 2019Low-bit Quantization of Neural Networks for Efficient Inferencecited by 185
  10. 2020BinaryBERT: Pushing the Limit of BERT Quantizationcited by 175
  11. 2019Improving Neural Network Quantization without Retraining using Outlier Channel Splittingcited by 150
  12. 2020TernaryBERT: Distillation-aware Ultra-low Bit BERTcited by 145
  13. 2015Fixed Point Quantization of Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 141
  14. 2018Mixed Precision Quantization of ConvNets via Differentiable Neural Architecture Searchcited by 122
  15. 2016Convolutional Neural Networks using Logarithmic Data Representationcited by 97
  16. 2018The Dataset Nutrition Label: A Framework To Drive Higher Data Quality Standardscited by 97
  17. 2019Loss Aware Post-training Quantizationcited by 94
  18. 2020Improving Post Training Neural Quantization: Layer-wise Calibration and Integer Programmingcited by 89
  19. 2020Generative Low-bitwidth Data Free Quantizationcited by 87
  20. 2020HAWQV3: Dyadic Neural Network Quantizationcited by 59
  21. 2020FracBits: Mixed Precision Quantization via Fractional Bit-Widthscited by 53
  22. 2018Discovering Low-Precision Networks Close to Full-Precision Networks for Efficient Embedded Inferencecited by 33
  23. 2020Post-training Quantization with Multiple Points: Mixed Precision without Mixed Precisioncited by 21
  24. 2018Precision Highway for Ultra Low-Precision Quantizationcited by 3

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 2; 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 1.

9 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2021RMSMP: A Novel Deep Neural Network Quantization Framework with Row-wise Mixed Schemes and Multiple Precisions
  2. 2021Adaptive Precision Training (AdaPT): A dynamic fixed point quantized training approach for DNNs
  3. 2024Quantization without Tears
  4. 2025Why Do Some Inputs Break Low-Bit LLM Quantization?
  5. 2021Finding the Task-Optimal Low-Bit Sub-Distribution in Deep Neural Networks
  6. 2026The Quantization Trap: Breaking Linear Scaling Laws in Multi-Hop Reasoning
  7. 2025Quantizing Small-Scale State-Space Models for Edge AI
  8. 2025Task-Circuit Quantization: Leveraging Knowledge Localization and Interpretability for Compression