mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Metrics for Multi-Class Classification: an Overview

arXiv 2008.05756 ↗First posted 13 Aug 2020stat.ML cs.LGcited by 140

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Classification tasks in machine learning involving more than two classes are known by the name of "multi-class classification". Performance indicators are very useful when the aim is to evaluate and compare different classification models or machine learning techniques. Many metrics come in handy to test the ability of a multi-class classifier. Those metrics turn out to be useful at different stage of the development process, e.g. comparing the performance of two different models or analysing the behaviour of the same model by tuning different parameters. In this white paper we review a list of the most promising multi-class metrics, we highlight their advantages and disadvantages and show their possible usages during the development of a classification model.

Key facts. Cited by 140 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Aug 2020.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 16; 2023: 31; 2024: 35; 2025: 36; 2026: 14.

140 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2022Metrics reloaded: Recommendations for image analysis validationcited by 190
  2. 2025Proteina: Scaling Flow-based Protein Structure Generative Modelscited by 63
  3. 2021Common Limitations of Image Processing Metrics: A Picture Storycited by 58
  4. 2023Understanding metric-related pitfalls in image analysis validationcited by 57
  5. 2025A Comprehensive Survey of Agents for Computer Use: Foundations, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 33
  6. 2023DRG-LLaMA : Tuning LLaMA Model to Predict Diagnosis-related Group for Hospitalized Patientscited by 29
  7. 2024A Closer Look at Classification Evaluation Metrics and a Critical Reflection of Common Evaluation Practicecited by 26
  8. 2023A review of ensemble learning and data augmentation models for class imbalanced problems: combination, implementation and evaluationcited by 24
  9. 2021Striking the Right Balance: Recall Loss for Semantic Segmentationcited by 19
  10. 2023Class Binarization to NeuroEvolution for Multiclass Classificationcited by 14
  11. 2022Deep Multimodal Guidance for Medical Image Classificationcited by 11
  12. 2022Automatic Mapping of Unstructured Cyber Threat Intelligence: An Experimental Studycited by 11
38 more
  1. 2024A Topology-aware Graph Coarsening Framework for Continual Graph Learningcited by 11
  2. 2024Evaluation of an LLM in Identifying Logical Fallacies: A Call for Rigor When Adopting LLMs in HCI Researchcited by 10
  3. 2022Application of federated learning techniques for arrhythmia classification using 12-lead ECG signalscited by 9
  4. 2023Learning Optimal Fair Scoring Systems for Multi-Class Classificationcited by 8
  5. 2023Systematic comparison of semi-supervised and self-supervised learning for medical image classificationcited by 8
  6. 2024Can Machine Learning Assist in Diagnosis of Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia? A feasibility studycited by 8
  7. 2022FOLD-RM: A Scalable, Efficient, and Explainable Inductive Learning Algorithm for Multi-Category Classification of Mixed Datacited by 7
  8. 2022Automated Identification of Eviction Status from Electronic Health Record Notescited by 6
  9. 2023Automated multilingual detection of Pro-Kremlin propaganda in newspapers and Telegram postscited by 6
  10. 2023Towards Heterogeneous Long-tailed Learning: Benchmarking, Metrics, and Toolboxcited by 6
  11. 2021The Unreasonable Effectiveness of the Baseline: Discussing SVMs in Legal Text Classificationcited by 5
  12. 2022Benchmark Dataset for Precipitation Forecasting by Post-Processing the Numerical Weather Predictioncited by 5
  13. 2024Probably Approximately Precision and Recall Learningcited by 5
  14. 2023Pearson-Matthews correlation coefficients for binary and multinary classification and hypothesis testingcited by 4
  15. 2025SampleLLM: Optimizing Tabular Data Synthesis in Recommendationscited by 4
  16. 2025The role of data partitioning on the performance of EEG-based deep learning models in supervised cross-subject analysis: a preliminary studycited by 4
  17. 2021Under-bagging Nearest Neighbors for Imbalanced Classificationcited by 3
  18. 2022A Vision Transformer-Based Approach to Bearing Fault Classification via Vibration Signalscited by 3
  19. 2023KoMultiText: Large-Scale Korean Text Dataset for Classifying Biased Speech in Real-World Online Servicescited by 3
  20. 2023Overview of AdaBoost : Reconciling its views to better understand its dynamicscited by 3
  21. 2023LoCoMotif: Discovering time-warped motifs in time seriescited by 3
  22. 2024A Large Language Model Outperforms Other Computational Approaches to the High-Throughput Phenotyping of Physician Notescited by 3
  23. 2025Deep Learning-Based Hypoglycemia Classification Across Multiple Prediction Horizonscited by 3
  24. 2025An Explorative Analysis of SVM Classifier and ResNet50 Architecture on African Food Classificationcited by 3
  25. 2023Detecting Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy from Fundus Images: A Transformer Network-based Reviewcited by 2
  26. 2023A Machine Learning Approach for Hierarchical Classification of Software Requirementscited by 2
  27. 2023A Closer Look at Bearing Fault Classification Approachescited by 2
  28. 2024Shaping History: Advanced Machine Learning Techniques for the Analysis and Dating of Cuneiform Tablets over Three Millenniacited by 2
  29. 2024Selecting a classification performance measure: matching the measure to the problemcited by 2
  30. 2024Enhancing Supply Chain Visibility with Generative AI: An Exploratory Case Study on Relationship Prediction in Knowledge Graphscited by 2
  31. 2025Adapting OpenAI's CLIP Model for Few-Shot Image Inspection in Manufacturing Quality Control: An Expository Case Study with Multiple Application Examplescited by 2
  32. 2025Flexible Counterfactual Explanations with Generative Modelscited by 2
  33. 2025LLM-Assisted Automated Deductive Coding of Dialogue Data: Leveraging Dialogue-Specific Characteristics to Enhance Contextual Understandingcited by 2
  34. 2025Evaluation in EEG Emotion Recognition: State-of-the-Art Review and Unified Frameworkcited by 2
  35. 2025Exploring LLM Capabilities in Extracting DCAT-Compatible Metadata for Data Catalogingcited by 2
  36. 2025Extracting latent representations from X-ray spectra. Classification, regression, and accretion signatures of Chandra sourcescited by 2
  37. 2022ViralBERT: A User Focused BERT-Based Approach to Virality Predictioncited by 1
  38. 2022Sentiment recognition of Italian elderly through domain adaptation on cross-corpus speech datasetcited by 1

50 most cited of 140 All 140 (JSON)