Pixel-wise Crowd Understanding via Synthetic Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
Crowd analysis via computer vision techniques is an important topic in the field of video surveillance, which has wide-spread applications including crowd monitoring, public safety, space design and so on. Pixel-wise crowd understanding is the most fundamental task in crowd analysis because of its finer results for video sequences or still images than other analysis tasks. Unfortunately, pixel-level understanding needs a large amount of labeled training data. Annotating them is an expensive work, which causes that current crowd datasets are small. As a result, most algorithms suffer from over-fitting to varying degrees. In this paper, take crowd counting and segmentation as examples from the pixel-wise crowd understanding, we attempt to remedy these problems from two aspects, namely data and methodology. Firstly, we develop a free data collector and labeler to generate synthetic and labeled crowd scenes in a computer game, Grand Theft Auto V. Then we use it to construct a large-scale, diverse synthetic crowd dataset, which is named as "GCC Dataset". Secondly, we propose two simple methods to improve the performance of crowd understanding via exploiting the synthetic data. To be specific, 1) supervised crowd understanding: pre-train a crowd analysis model on the synthetic data, then fine-tune it using the real data and labels, which makes the model perform better on the real world; 2) crowd understanding via domain adaptation: translate the synthetic data to photo-realistic images, then train the model on translated data and labels. As a result, the trained model works well in real crowd scenes.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Jul 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 3; 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
23 papers.
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- 2021Polarized Self-Attention: Towards High-quality Pixel-wise Regressioncited by 39
- 2021Spatial Uncertainty-Aware Semi-Supervised Crowd Countingcited by 38
- 2022Synthetic Data in Human Analysis: A Surveycited by 28
- 2021Leveraging Self-Supervision for Cross-Domain Crowd Countingcited by 24
- 2023Calibrating Uncertainty for Semi-Supervised Crowd Countingcited by 22
- 2024NWPU-MOC: A Benchmark for Fine-grained Multi-category Object Counting in Aerial Imagescited by 14
- 2021Audio-visual Representation Learning for Anomaly Events Detection in Crowdscited by 13
- 2021Coarse to Fine: Domain Adaptive Crowd Counting via Adversarial Scoring Networkcited by 10
- 2022Bi-level Alignment for Cross-Domain Crowd Countingcited by 8
- 2025Point-to-Region Loss for Semi-Supervised Point-Based Crowd Countingcited by 6
- 2021Unsupervised Domain Adaptive Learning via Synthetic Data for Person Re-identificationcited by 2
- 2025Seeing Through Deepfakes: A Human-Inspired Framework for Multi-Face Detectioncited by 2
11 more
- 2021Remote Sensing Image Translation via Style-Based Recalibration Module and Improved Style Discriminatorcited by 1
- 2022Counting with Adaptive Auxiliary Learningcited by 1
- 2024Curriculum for Crowd Counting -- Is it Worthy?cited by 1
- 2024ComFace: Facial Representation Learning with Synthetic Data for Comparing Facescited by 1
- 2025TCFormer: A 5M-Parameter Transformer with Density-Guided Aggregation for Weakly-Supervised Crowd Countingcited by 1
- 2026Video Individual Counting and Tracking from Moving Drones: A Benchmark and Methodscited by 1
- 2021Multi-channel Deep Supervision for Crowd Countingcited by 0
- 2021Machines & Influence: An Information Systems Lenscited by 0
- 2023Training Robust Deep Physiological Measurement Models with Synthetic Video-based Datacited by 0
- 2024Improving Object Detection by Modifying Synthetic Data with Explainable AIcited by 0
- 2024Autonomous Crack Detection using Deep Learning on Synthetic Thermogram Datasetscited by 0
- 2026Video Individual Counting and Tracking from Moving Drones: A Benchmark and Methods18 Jan 2026
- 2025TCFormer: A 5M-Parameter Transformer with Density-Guided Aggregation for Weakly-Supervised Crowd Counting21 Dec 2025
- 2025Seeing Through Deepfakes: A Human-Inspired Framework for Multi-Face Detection20 Jul 2025
- 2025Point-to-Region Loss for Semi-Supervised Point-Based Crowd Counting28 May 2025
- 2024Autonomous Crack Detection using Deep Learning on Synthetic Thermogram Datasets21 Dec 2024
- 2024Improving Object Detection by Modifying Synthetic Data with Explainable AI2 Dec 2024
- 2024ComFace: Facial Representation Learning with Synthetic Data for Comparing Faces25 May 2024
- 2024NWPU-MOC: A Benchmark for Fine-grained Multi-category Object Counting in Aerial Images19 Jan 2024
- 2024Curriculum for Crowd Counting -- Is it Worthy?15 Jan 2024
- 2023Training Robust Deep Physiological Measurement Models with Synthetic Video-based Data9 Nov 2023
- 2023Calibrating Uncertainty for Semi-Supervised Crowd Counting19 Aug 2023
- 2022Synthetic Data in Human Analysis: A Survey19 Aug 2022
11 more
- 2022Bi-level Alignment for Cross-Domain Crowd Counting12 May 2022
- 2022Counting with Adaptive Auxiliary Learning8 Mar 2022
- 2021Machines & Influence: An Information Systems Lens26 Nov 2021
- 2021Audio-visual Representation Learning for Anomaly Events Detection in Crowds28 Oct 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Domain Adaptive Learning via Synthetic Data for Person Re-identification12 Sep 2021
- 2021Spatial Uncertainty-Aware Semi-Supervised Crowd Counting28 Jul 2021
- 2021Coarse to Fine: Domain Adaptive Crowd Counting via Adversarial Scoring Network27 Jul 2021
- 2021Polarized Self-Attention: Towards High-quality Pixel-wise Regression2 Jul 2021
- 2021Leveraging Self-Supervision for Cross-Domain Crowd Counting30 Mar 2021
- 2021Remote Sensing Image Translation via Style-Based Recalibration Module and Improved Style Discriminator29 Mar 2021
- 2021Multi-channel Deep Supervision for Crowd Counting17 Mar 2021
- 2021Polarized Self-Attention: Towards High-quality Pixel-wise Regressioncited by 39
- 2021Spatial Uncertainty-Aware Semi-Supervised Crowd Countingcited by 38
- 2022Synthetic Data in Human Analysis: A Surveycited by 28
- 2021Leveraging Self-Supervision for Cross-Domain Crowd Countingcited by 24
- 2023Calibrating Uncertainty for Semi-Supervised Crowd Countingcited by 22
- 2024NWPU-MOC: A Benchmark for Fine-grained Multi-category Object Counting in Aerial Imagescited by 14
- 2021Audio-visual Representation Learning for Anomaly Events Detection in Crowdscited by 13
- 2021Coarse to Fine: Domain Adaptive Crowd Counting via Adversarial Scoring Networkcited by 10
- 2022Bi-level Alignment for Cross-Domain Crowd Countingcited by 8
- 2025Point-to-Region Loss for Semi-Supervised Point-Based Crowd Countingcited by 6
- 2021Unsupervised Domain Adaptive Learning via Synthetic Data for Person Re-identificationcited by 2
- 2025Seeing Through Deepfakes: A Human-Inspired Framework for Multi-Face Detectioncited by 2
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026Video Individual Counting and Tracking from Moving Drones: A Benchmark and Methods18 Jan 2026
- 2025TCFormer: A 5M-Parameter Transformer with Density-Guided Aggregation for Weakly-Supervised Crowd Counting21 Dec 2025
- 2025Seeing Through Deepfakes: A Human-Inspired Framework for Multi-Face Detection20 Jul 2025
- 2025Point-to-Region Loss for Semi-Supervised Point-Based Crowd Counting28 May 2025
- 2024Autonomous Crack Detection using Deep Learning on Synthetic Thermogram Datasets21 Dec 2024
- 2024Improving Object Detection by Modifying Synthetic Data with Explainable AI2 Dec 2024
- 2024ComFace: Facial Representation Learning with Synthetic Data for Comparing Faces25 May 2024
- 2024NWPU-MOC: A Benchmark for Fine-grained Multi-category Object Counting in Aerial Images19 Jan 2024
- 2024Curriculum for Crowd Counting -- Is it Worthy?15 Jan 2024
- 2023Training Robust Deep Physiological Measurement Models with Synthetic Video-based Data9 Nov 2023
- 2023Calibrating Uncertainty for Semi-Supervised Crowd Counting19 Aug 2023
- 2022Synthetic Data in Human Analysis: A Survey19 Aug 2022
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)