Age of Information: An Introduction and Survey
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Abstract (arXiv)
We summarize recent contributions in the broad area of age of information (AoI). In particular, we describe the current state of the art in the design and optimization of low-latency cyberphysical systems and applications in which sources send time-stamped status updates to interested recipients. These applications desire status updates at the recipients to be as timely as possible; however, this is typically constrained by limited system resources. We describe AoI timeliness metrics and present general methods of AoI evaluation analysis that are applicable to a wide variety of sources and systems. Starting from elementary single-server queues, we apply these AoI methods to a range of increasingly complex systems, including energy harvesting sensors transmitting over noisy channels, parallel server systems, queueing networks, and various single-hop and multi-hop wireless networks. We also explore how update age is related to MMSE methods of sampling, estimation and control of stochastic processes. The paper concludes with a review of efforts to employ age optimization in cyberphysical applications.
Key facts. Cited by 64 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Jul 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 11; 2023: 9; 2024: 17; 2025: 16; 2026: 6.
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- 2023Joint Age-based Client Selection and Resource Allocation for Communication-Efficient Federated Learning over NOMA Networkscited by 8
- 2022Deep Learning for Wireless Networked Systems: a joint Estimation-Control-Scheduling Approachcited by 7
- 2024Agent-driven Generative Semantic Communication with Cross-Modality and Predictioncited by 7
- 2025"X of Information'' Continuum: A Survey on AI-Driven Multi-dimensional Metrics for Next-Generation Networked Systemscited by 7
- 2024Effective Communication with Dynamic Feature Compressioncited by 6
- 2024Communication and Control Co-Design in 6G: Sequential Decision-Making with LLMscited by 6
- 2024DRL-Based Optimization for AoI and Energy Consumption in C-V2X Enabled IoVcited by 6
38 more
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- 2022How Does Data Freshness Affect Real-time Supervised Learning?cited by 3
- 2023Semantic and Effective Communication for Remote Control Tasks with Dynamic Feature Compressioncited by 3
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- 2025A Survey on Semantic Communications in Internet of Vehiclescited by 3
- 2021AoI-minimizing Scheduling in UAV-relayed IoT Networkscited by 2
- 2023Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Pragmatic Communication and Controlcited by 2
- 2023Asynchronous Online Federated Learning with Reduced Communication Requirementscited by 2
- 2024Learning-augmented Online Minimization of Age of Information and Transmission Costscited by 2
- 2024Learning Sub-Second Routing Optimization in Computer Networks requires Packet-Level Dynamicscited by 2
- 2022To Compute or not to Compute? Adaptive Smart Sensing in Resource-Constrained Edge Computingcited by 1
- 2023Ensemble DNN for Age-of-Information Minimization in UAV-assisted Networkscited by 1
- 2023Collaborative Optimization of the Age of Information under Partial Observabilitycited by 1
- 2024Integrated Push-and-Pull Update Model for Goal-Oriented Effective Communicationcited by 1
- 2024Load Balancing in Federated Learningcited by 1
- 2024rAge-k: Communication-Efficient Federated Learning Using Age Factorcited by 1
- 2025MDPs with a State Sensing Costcited by 1
- 2025Safe Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resource Allocation with Peak Age of Information Violation Guaranteescited by 1
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- 2021A Survey on Reinforcement Learning-Aided Caching in Mobile Edge Networkscited by 0
- 2022A Deep Learning Approach To Estimation Using Measurements Received Over a Networkcited by 0
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- 2022How to Minimize the Weighted Sum AoI in Multi-Source Status Update Systems: OMA or NOMA?cited by 0
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- 2023A Learning Based Scheme for Fair Timeliness in Sparse Gossip Networkscited by 0
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- 2024Age Optimal Sampling for Unreliable Channels under Unknown Channel Statisticscited by 0
- 2025PPO-Based Vehicle Control for Ramp Merging Scheme Assisted by Enhanced C-V2Xcited by 0
- 2025Meta-Computing Enhanced Federated Learning in IIoT: Satisfaction-Aware Incentive Scheme via DRL-Based Stackelberg Gamecited by 0
50 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2026Learning When to Update: A Near-Optimal Timing Bandit Approach29 Sep 2026
- 2026Age of Learning: Temporal Persistence of Prediction Errors as a Learning Signal26 Sep 2026
- 2026Approved Too Late: Verdict Staleness in LLM-Guarded Self-Adaptive Systems26 Aug 2026
- 2026Real-Time Hard Peak Age-of-Information Safety with No-Regret Learning30 Jul 2026
- 2026Diffusion Model-based Reinforcement Learning for Version Age of Information Scheduling: Average and Tail-Risk-Sensitive Control26 Jan 2026
- 2026Adaptive Requesting in Decentralized Edge Networks via Non-Stationary Bandits13 Jan 2026
- 2025A Survey of Freshness-Aware Wireless Networking with Reinforcement Learning24 Dec 2025
- 2025Timely Information Updating for Mobile Devices Without and With ML Advice19 Dec 2025
- 2025Policy Gradient Algorithms for Age-of-Information Cost Minimization12 Dec 2025
- 2025AoI-Aware Task Offloading and Transmission Optimization for Industrial IoT Networks: A Branching Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach18 Oct 2025
- 2025Continual Learning to Generalize Forwarding Strategies for Diverse Mobile Wireless Networks28 Sep 2025
- 2025Online Learning for Optimizing AoI-Energy Tradeoff under Unknown Channel Statistics23 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025Multimodal Remote Inference11 Aug 2025
- 2025"X of Information'' Continuum: A Survey on AI-Driven Multi-dimensional Metrics for Next-Generation Networked Systems25 Jul 2025
- 2025Age of Information Minimization in UAV-Enabled Integrated Sensing and Communication Systems18 Jul 2025
- 2025Safe Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resource Allocation with Peak Age of Information Violation Guarantees11 Jul 2025
- 2025Learning Value of Information towards Joint Communication and Control in 6G V2X11 May 2025
- 2025Balancing Client Participation in Federated Learning Using AoI8 May 2025
- 2025MDPs with a State Sensing Cost6 May 2025
- 2025A Survey on Semantic Communications in Internet of Vehicles3 Mar 2025
- 2025Meta-Computing Enhanced Federated Learning in IIoT: Satisfaction-Aware Incentive Scheme via DRL-Based Stackelberg Game10 Feb 2025
- 2025PPO-Based Vehicle Control for Ramp Merging Scheme Assisted by Enhanced C-V2X22 Jan 2025
- 2024Age Optimal Sampling for Unreliable Channels under Unknown Channel Statistics24 Dec 2024
- 2024Semantic Edge Computing and Semantic Communications in 6G Networks: A Unifying Survey and Research Challenges27 Nov 2024
- 2024DRL-Based Optimization for AoI and Energy Consumption in C-V2X Enabled IoV20 Nov 2024
- 2024rAge-k: Communication-Efficient Federated Learning Using Age Factor29 Oct 2024
- 2024MetaTrading: An Immersion-Aware Model Trading Framework for Vehicular Metaverse Services25 Oct 2024
- 2024Age-of-Gradient Updates for Federated Learning over Random Access Channels15 Oct 2024
- 2024Learning Sub-Second Routing Optimization in Computer Networks requires Packet-Level Dynamics14 Oct 2024
- 2024Asynchronous Fractional Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Age-Minimal Mobile Edge Computing25 Sep 2024
- 2024Load Balancing in Federated Learning1 Aug 2024
- 2024Integrated Push-and-Pull Update Model for Goal-Oriented Effective Communication19 Jul 2024
- 2024Communication and Control Co-Design in 6G: Sequential Decision-Making with LLMs6 Jul 2024
- 2024CAFe: Cost and Age aware Federated Learning24 May 2024
- 2024Timely Communications for Remote Inference25 Apr 2024
- 2024Agent-driven Generative Semantic Communication with Cross-Modality and Prediction10 Apr 2024
- 2024Learning-augmented Online Minimization of Age of Information and Transmission Costs5 Mar 2024
- 2024Effective Communication with Dynamic Feature Compression29 Jan 2024
- 2024Will 6G be Semantic Communications? Opportunities and Challenges from Task Oriented and Secure Communications to Integrated Sensing3 Jan 2024
- 2023Collaborative Optimization of the Age of Information under Partial Observability20 Dec 2023
- 2023Value of Information and Timing-aware Scheduling for Federated Learning16 Dec 2023
- 2023A Learning Based Scheme for Fair Timeliness in Sparse Gossip Networks2 Oct 2023
- 2023Ensemble DNN for Age-of-Information Minimization in UAV-assisted Networks6 Sep 2023
- 2023Minimizing Age of Information for Mobile Edge Computing Systems: A Nested Index Approach3 Jul 2023
- 2023Joint Age-based Client Selection and Resource Allocation for Communication-Efficient Federated Learning over NOMA Networks18 Apr 2023
- 2023Asynchronous Online Federated Learning with Reduced Communication Requirements27 Mar 2023
- 2023Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Pragmatic Communication and Control28 Feb 2023
- 2023Semantic and Effective Communication for Remote Control Tasks with Dynamic Feature Compression14 Jan 2023
- 2022Semantics-Empowered Communication: A Tutorial-cum-Survey16 Dec 2022
- 2022Deep Learning for Wireless Networked Systems: a joint Estimation-Control-Scheduling Approach3 Oct 2022
50 newest of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2022Beyond Transmitting Bits: Context, Semantics, and Task-Oriented Communicationscited by 166
- 2021Edge Artificial Intelligence for 6G: Vision, Enabling Technologies, and Applicationscited by 96
- 2024Will 6G be Semantic Communications? Opportunities and Challenges from Task Oriented and Secure Communications to Integrated Sensingcited by 11
- 2022Convergence Acceleration in Wireless Federated Learning: A Stackelberg Game Approachcited by 10
- 2022Semantics-Empowered Communication: A Tutorial-cum-Surveycited by 8
- 2023Joint Age-based Client Selection and Resource Allocation for Communication-Efficient Federated Learning over NOMA Networkscited by 8
- 2022Deep Learning for Wireless Networked Systems: a joint Estimation-Control-Scheduling Approachcited by 7
- 2024Agent-driven Generative Semantic Communication with Cross-Modality and Predictioncited by 7
- 2025"X of Information'' Continuum: A Survey on AI-Driven Multi-dimensional Metrics for Next-Generation Networked Systemscited by 7
- 2024Effective Communication with Dynamic Feature Compressioncited by 6
- 2024Communication and Control Co-Design in 6G: Sequential Decision-Making with LLMscited by 6
- 2024DRL-Based Optimization for AoI and Energy Consumption in C-V2X Enabled IoVcited by 6
12 most cited of 61 All 61 (JSON)
- 2026Learning When to Update: A Near-Optimal Timing Bandit Approach29 Sep 2026
- 2026Age of Learning: Temporal Persistence of Prediction Errors as a Learning Signal26 Sep 2026
- 2026Real-Time Hard Peak Age-of-Information Safety with No-Regret Learning30 Jul 2026
- 2026Adaptive Requesting in Decentralized Edge Networks via Non-Stationary Bandits13 Jan 2026
- 2025A Survey of Freshness-Aware Wireless Networking with Reinforcement Learning24 Dec 2025
- 2025Timely Information Updating for Mobile Devices Without and With ML Advice19 Dec 2025
- 2025Policy Gradient Algorithms for Age-of-Information Cost Minimization12 Dec 2025
- 2025AoI-Aware Task Offloading and Transmission Optimization for Industrial IoT Networks: A Branching Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach18 Oct 2025
- 2025Continual Learning to Generalize Forwarding Strategies for Diverse Mobile Wireless Networks28 Sep 2025
- 2025Online Learning for Optimizing AoI-Energy Tradeoff under Unknown Channel Statistics23 Sep 2025
- 2025Multimodal Remote Inference11 Aug 2025
- 2025"X of Information'' Continuum: A Survey on AI-Driven Multi-dimensional Metrics for Next-Generation Networked Systems25 Jul 2025
12 newest of 61 All 61 (JSON)