mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Gradient descent follows the regularization path for general losses

arXiv 2006.11226 ↗First posted 19 Jun 2020cs.LG math.OC stat.MLcited by 59

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent work across many machine learning disciplines has highlighted that standard descent methods, even without explicit regularization, do not merely minimize the training error, but also exhibit an implicit bias. This bias is typically towards a certain regularized solution, and relies upon the details of the learning process, for instance the use of the cross-entropy loss. In this work, we show that for empirical risk minimization over linear predictors with arbitrary convex, strictly decreasing losses, if the risk does not attain its infimum, then the gradient-descent path and the algorithm-independent regularization path converge to the same direction (whenever either converges to a direction). Using this result, we provide a justification for the widely-used exponentially-tailed losses (such as the exponential loss or the logistic loss): while this convergence to a direction for exponentially-tailed losses is necessarily to the maximum-margin direction, other losses such as polynomially-tailed losses may induce convergence to a direction with a poor margin.

Key facts. Cited by 59 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 13; 2023: 15; 2024: 10; 2025: 8; 2026: 5.

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  1. 2021A Geometric Analysis of Neural Collapse with Unconstrained Featurescited by 227
  2. 2022Robust Training under Label Noise by Over-parameterizationcited by 93
  3. 2021An Unconstrained Layer-Peeled Perspective on Neural Collapsecited by 87
  4. 2022On the Implicit Bias in Deep-Learning Algorithmscited by 86
  5. 2022Imbalance Trouble: Revisiting Neural-Collapse Geometrycited by 80
  6. 2021Label-Imbalanced and Group-Sensitive Classification under Overparameterizationcited by 74
  7. 2023Transformers as Support Vector Machinescited by 74
  8. 2023Max-Margin Token Selection in Attention Mechanismcited by 58
  9. 2022Implicit Regularization Towards Rank Minimization in ReLU Networkscited by 53
  10. 2023Abide by the Law and Follow the Flow: Conservation Laws for Gradient Flowscited by 45
  11. 2025Implicit Bias of Spectral Descent and Muon on Multiclass Separable Datacited by 41
  12. 2021Early-stopped neural networks are consistentcited by 34
38 more
  1. 2021On Margin Maximization in Linear and ReLU Networkscited by 34
  2. 2024Mechanics of Next Token Prediction with Self-Attentioncited by 34
  3. 2023Don't blame Dataset Shift! Shortcut Learning due to Gradients and Cross Entropycited by 30
  4. 2023A Fast Optimization View: Reformulating Single Layer Attention in LLM Based on Tensor and SVM Trick, and Solving It in Matrix Multiplication Timecited by 30
  5. 2022Understanding Why Generalized Reweighting Does Not Improve Over ERMcited by 29
  6. 2022Stability vs Implicit Bias of Gradient Methods on Separable Data and Beyondcited by 29
  7. 2023Benign Overfitting in Linear Classifiers and Leaky ReLU Networks from KKT Conditions for Margin Maximizationcited by 29
  8. 2022Mirror Descent Maximizes Generalized Margin and Can Be Implemented Efficientlycited by 26
  9. 2024Implicit Geometry of Next-token Prediction: From Language Sparsity Patterns to Model Representationscited by 24
  10. 2024When does compositional structure yield compositional generalization? A kernel theorycited by 20
  11. 2021Is Importance Weighting Incompatible with Interpolating Classifiers?cited by 19
  12. 2023The Implicit Bias of Minima Stability in Multivariate Shallow ReLU Networkscited by 15
  13. 2022Homotopic Policy Mirror Descent: Policy Convergence, Implicit Regularization, and Improved Sample Complexitycited by 14
  14. 2023A Unified Approach to Controlling Implicit Regularization via Mirror Descentcited by 14
  15. 2024Implicit Optimization Bias of Next-Token Prediction in Linear Modelscited by 14
  16. 2024Improving Generalization and Convergence by Enhancing Implicit Regularizationcited by 14
  17. 2024Guiding Neural Collapse: Optimising Towards the Nearest Simplex Equiangular Tight Framecited by 14
  18. 2024The Implicit Bias of Gradient Descent on Separable Multiclass Datacited by 11
  19. 2023Inductive biases of multi-task learning and finetuning: multiple regimes of feature reusecited by 9
  20. 2024Implicit Bias of Mirror Flow on Separable Datacited by 9
  21. 2025Benefits of Early Stopping in Gradient Descent for Overparameterized Logistic Regressioncited by 9
  22. 2022Thinking Outside the Ball: Optimal Learning with Gradient Descent for Generalized Linear Stochastic Convex Optimizationcited by 7
  23. 2023Tight Risk Bounds for Gradient Descent on Separable Datacited by 7
  24. 2021Implicit Regularization of Bregman Proximal Point Algorithm and Mirror Descent on Separable Datacited by 6
  25. 2022Importance Tempering: Group Robustness for Overparameterized Modelscited by 6
  26. 2022Benefits of Additive Noise in Composing Classes with Bounded Capacitycited by 4
  27. 2022On how to avoid exacerbating spurious correlations when models are overparameterizedcited by 4
  28. 2023General Loss Functions Lead to (Approximate) Interpolation in High Dimensionscited by 4
  29. 2023Achieving Margin Maximization Exponentially Fast via Progressive Norm Rescalingcited by 4
  30. 2023New Equivalences Between Interpolation and SVMs: Kernels and Structured Featurescited by 3
  31. 2023Critical Influence of Overparameterization on Sharpness-aware Minimizationcited by 3
  32. 2024Training and Evaluating Causal Forecasting Models for Time-Seriescited by 2
  33. 2025Geometry of Semantics in Next-Token Prediction: How Optimization Implicitly Organizes Linguistic Representationscited by 2
  34. 2025Multiclass Loss Geometry Matters for Generalization of Gradient Descent in Separable Classificationcited by 2
  35. 2025Implicit Bias of Per-sample Adam on Separable Data: Departure from the Full-batch Regimecited by 2
  36. 2025Diagonalizing the Softmax: Hadamard Initialization for Tractable Cross-Entropy Dynamicscited by 2
  37. 2025Basic Inequalities for First-Order Optimization with Applications to Statistical Risk Analysiscited by 2
  38. 2024Optimal Rates of Convergence for Entropy Regularization in Discounted Markov Decision Processescited by 1

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