MatchboxNet: 1D Time-Channel Separable Convolutional Neural Network Architecture for Speech Commands Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present an MatchboxNet - an end-to-end neural network for speech command recognition. MatchboxNet is a deep residual network composed from blocks of 1D time-channel separable convolution, batch-normalization, ReLU and dropout layers. MatchboxNet reaches state-of-the-art accuracy on the Google Speech Commands dataset while having significantly fewer parameters than similar models. The small footprint of MatchboxNet makes it an attractive candidate for devices with limited computational resources. The model is highly scalable, so model accuracy can be improved with modest additional memory and compute. Finally, we show how intensive data augmentation using an auxiliary noise dataset improves robustness in the presence of background noise.
Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 4; 2023: 4; 2024: 8; 2025: 2; 2026: 7.
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- 2021AST: Audio Spectrogram Transformercited by 634
- 2021Keyword Transformer: A Self-Attention Model for Keyword Spottingcited by 59
- 2021Broadcasted Residual Learning for Efficient Keyword Spottingcited by 47
- 2022Out-of-Distribution Representation Learning for Time Series Classificationcited by 30
- 2021Learning Efficient Representations for Keyword Spotting with Triplet Losscited by 24
- 2023DIVERSIFY: A General Framework for Time Series Out-of-distribution Detection and Generalizationcited by 24
- 2022SepTr: Separable Transformer for Audio Spectrogram Processingcited by 15
- 2023Lexical Speaker Error Correction: Leveraging Language Models for Speaker Diarization Error Correctioncited by 14
- 2021Teaching keyword spotters to spot new keywords with limited examplescited by 9
- 2023Open-vocabulary Keyword-spotting with Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 8
- 2026When the Inference Meets the Explicitness or Why Multimodality Can Make Us Forget About the Perfect Predictorcited by 4
- 2021Neural Model Reprogramming with Similarity Based Mapping for Low-Resource Spoken Command Recognitioncited by 3
24 more
- 2025Elementary, My Dear Watson: Non-Invasive Neural Keyword Spotting in the LibriBrain Datasetcited by 3
- 2021Compressing 1D Time-Channel Separable Convolutions using Sparse Random Ternary Matricescited by 2
- 2021Encoder-Decoder Neural Architecture Optimization for Keyword Spottingcited by 2
- 2021Attention-Free Keyword Spottingcited by 2
- 2021Implicit Acoustic Echo Cancellation for Keyword Spotting and Device-Directed Speech Detectioncited by 2
- 2021ImportantAug: a data augmentation agent for speechcited by 2
- 2024Cascaded Cross-Modal Transformer for Audio-Textual Classificationcited by 2
- 2022Improving Voice Trigger Detection with Metric Learningcited by 1
- 2022Speech Augmentation Based Unsupervised Learning for Keyword Spottingcited by 1
- 2024Sparse Binarization for Fast Keyword Spottingcited by 1
- 2024Towards Federated Learning with On-device Training and Communication in 8-bit Floating Pointcited by 1
- 2026TaigiSpeech: A Low-Resource Real-World Speech Intent Dataset and Preliminary Results with Scalable Data Mining In-the-Wildcited by 1
- 2023Cross Entropy in Deep Learning of Classifiers Is Unnecessary -- ISBE Error is All You Needcited by 0
- 2024Language-Universal Speech Attributes Modeling for Zero-Shot Multilingual Spoken Keyword Recognitioncited by 0
- 2024RepCNN: Micro-sized, Mighty Models for Wakeword Detectioncited by 0
- 2024Advancing Airport Tower Command Recognition: Integrating Squeeze-and-Excitation and Broadcasted Residual Learningcited by 0
- 2024Contrastive Augmentation: An Unsupervised Learning Approach for Keyword Spotting in Speech Technologycited by 0
- 2024Enhancing Synthetic Training Data for Speech Commands: From ASR-Based Filtering to Domain Adaptation in SSL Latent Spacecited by 0
- 2025Keyword Mamba: Spoken Keyword Spotting with State Space Modelscited by 0
- 2026EdgeSpot: Efficient and High-Performance Few-Shot Model for Keyword Spottingcited by 0
- 2026PCOV-KWS: Multi-task Learning for Personalized Customizable Open Vocabulary Keyword Spottingcited by 0
- 2026Plug-in Losses for Evidential Deep Learning: A Simplified Framework for Uncertainty Estimation that Includes the Softmax Classifiercited by 0
- 2026Evaluating the Effectiveness of SechKAN on 1D Datacited by 0
- 2026Sub-Model Short-Term Memory Convolutions for Keyword Spotting Systems on Devicecited by 0
- 2026Sub-Model Short-Term Memory Convolutions for Keyword Spotting Systems on Device28 Sep 2026
- 2026Evaluating the Effectiveness of SechKAN on 1D Data22 Sep 2026
- 2026Plug-in Losses for Evidential Deep Learning: A Simplified Framework for Uncertainty Estimation that Includes the Softmax Classifier21 May 2026
- 2026TaigiSpeech: A Low-Resource Real-World Speech Intent Dataset and Preliminary Results with Scalable Data Mining In-the-Wild23 Mar 2026
- 2026PCOV-KWS: Multi-task Learning for Personalized Customizable Open Vocabulary Keyword Spotting5 Mar 2026
- 2026When the Inference Meets the Explicitness or Why Multimodality Can Make Us Forget About the Perfect Predictor21 Feb 2026
- 2026EdgeSpot: Efficient and High-Performance Few-Shot Model for Keyword Spotting22 Jan 2026
- 2025Elementary, My Dear Watson: Non-Invasive Neural Keyword Spotting in the LibriBrain Dataset23 Oct 2025
- 2025Keyword Mamba: Spoken Keyword Spotting with State Space Models10 Aug 2025
- 2024Enhancing Synthetic Training Data for Speech Commands: From ASR-Based Filtering to Domain Adaptation in SSL Latent Space19 Sep 2024
- 2024Contrastive Augmentation: An Unsupervised Learning Approach for Keyword Spotting in Speech Technology31 Aug 2024
- 2024Towards Federated Learning with On-device Training and Communication in 8-bit Floating Point2 Jul 2024
24 more
- 2024Advancing Airport Tower Command Recognition: Integrating Squeeze-and-Excitation and Broadcasted Residual Learning26 Jun 2024
- 2024Sparse Binarization for Fast Keyword Spotting9 Jun 2024
- 2024RepCNN: Micro-sized, Mighty Models for Wakeword Detection4 Jun 2024
- 2024Language-Universal Speech Attributes Modeling for Zero-Shot Multilingual Spoken Keyword Recognition4 Jun 2024
- 2024Cascaded Cross-Modal Transformer for Audio-Textual Classification15 Jan 2024
- 2023Cross Entropy in Deep Learning of Classifiers Is Unnecessary -- ISBE Error is All You Need27 Nov 2023
- 2023Open-vocabulary Keyword-spotting with Adaptive Instance Normalization13 Sep 2023
- 2023DIVERSIFY: A General Framework for Time Series Out-of-distribution Detection and Generalization4 Aug 2023
- 2023Lexical Speaker Error Correction: Leveraging Language Models for Speaker Diarization Error Correction15 Jun 2023
- 2022Out-of-Distribution Representation Learning for Time Series Classification15 Sep 2022
- 2022Speech Augmentation Based Unsupervised Learning for Keyword Spotting28 May 2022
- 2022Improving Voice Trigger Detection with Metric Learning5 Apr 2022
- 2022SepTr: Separable Transformer for Audio Spectrogram Processing17 Mar 2022
- 2021ImportantAug: a data augmentation agent for speech14 Dec 2021
- 2021Implicit Acoustic Echo Cancellation for Keyword Spotting and Device-Directed Speech Detection20 Nov 2021
- 2021Attention-Free Keyword Spotting14 Oct 2021
- 2021Neural Model Reprogramming with Similarity Based Mapping for Low-Resource Spoken Command Recognition8 Oct 2021
- 2021Broadcasted Residual Learning for Efficient Keyword Spotting8 Jun 2021
- 2021Encoder-Decoder Neural Architecture Optimization for Keyword Spotting4 Jun 2021
- 2021Teaching keyword spotters to spot new keywords with limited examples4 Jun 2021
- 2021AST: Audio Spectrogram Transformer5 Apr 2021
- 2021Keyword Transformer: A Self-Attention Model for Keyword Spotting1 Apr 2021
- 2021Compressing 1D Time-Channel Separable Convolutions using Sparse Random Ternary Matrices31 Mar 2021
- 2021Learning Efficient Representations for Keyword Spotting with Triplet Loss12 Jan 2021
- 2021AST: Audio Spectrogram Transformercited by 634
- 2021Keyword Transformer: A Self-Attention Model for Keyword Spottingcited by 59
- 2021Broadcasted Residual Learning for Efficient Keyword Spottingcited by 47
- 2022Out-of-Distribution Representation Learning for Time Series Classificationcited by 30
- 2021Learning Efficient Representations for Keyword Spotting with Triplet Losscited by 24
- 2023DIVERSIFY: A General Framework for Time Series Out-of-distribution Detection and Generalizationcited by 24
- 2022SepTr: Separable Transformer for Audio Spectrogram Processingcited by 15
- 2023Lexical Speaker Error Correction: Leveraging Language Models for Speaker Diarization Error Correctioncited by 14
- 2021Teaching keyword spotters to spot new keywords with limited examplescited by 9
- 2023Open-vocabulary Keyword-spotting with Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 8
- 2026When the Inference Meets the Explicitness or Why Multimodality Can Make Us Forget About the Perfect Predictorcited by 4
- 2021Neural Model Reprogramming with Similarity Based Mapping for Low-Resource Spoken Command Recognitioncited by 3
12 most cited of 35 All 35 (JSON)
- 2026Sub-Model Short-Term Memory Convolutions for Keyword Spotting Systems on Device28 Sep 2026
- 2026Evaluating the Effectiveness of SechKAN on 1D Data22 Sep 2026
- 2026Plug-in Losses for Evidential Deep Learning: A Simplified Framework for Uncertainty Estimation that Includes the Softmax Classifier21 May 2026
- 2026TaigiSpeech: A Low-Resource Real-World Speech Intent Dataset and Preliminary Results with Scalable Data Mining In-the-Wild23 Mar 2026
- 2026PCOV-KWS: Multi-task Learning for Personalized Customizable Open Vocabulary Keyword Spotting5 Mar 2026
- 2026When the Inference Meets the Explicitness or Why Multimodality Can Make Us Forget About the Perfect Predictor21 Feb 2026
- 2026EdgeSpot: Efficient and High-Performance Few-Shot Model for Keyword Spotting22 Jan 2026
- 2025Elementary, My Dear Watson: Non-Invasive Neural Keyword Spotting in the LibriBrain Dataset23 Oct 2025
- 2024Enhancing Synthetic Training Data for Speech Commands: From ASR-Based Filtering to Domain Adaptation in SSL Latent Space19 Sep 2024
- 2024Contrastive Augmentation: An Unsupervised Learning Approach for Keyword Spotting in Speech Technology31 Aug 2024
- 2024Towards Federated Learning with On-device Training and Communication in 8-bit Floating Point2 Jul 2024
- 2024Advancing Airport Tower Command Recognition: Integrating Squeeze-and-Excitation and Broadcasted Residual Learning26 Jun 2024
12 newest of 35 All 35 (JSON)