XPersona: Evaluating Multilingual Personalized Chatbot
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Abstract (arXiv)
Personalized dialogue systems are an essential step toward better human-machine interaction. Existing personalized dialogue agents rely on properly designed conversational datasets, which are mostly monolingual (e.g., English), which greatly limits the usage of conversational agents in other languages. In this paper, we propose a multi-lingual extension of Persona-Chat, namely XPersona. Our dataset includes persona conversations in six different languages other than English for building and evaluating multilingual personalized agents. We experiment with both multilingual and cross-lingual trained baselines, and evaluate them against monolingual and translation-pipeline models using both automatic and human evaluation. Experimental results show that the multilingual trained models outperform the translation-pipeline and that they are on par with the monolingual models, with the advantage of having a single model across multiple languages. On the other hand, the state-of-the-art cross-lingual trained models achieve inferior performance to the other models, showing that cross-lingual conversation modeling is a challenging task. We hope that our dataset and baselines will accelerate research in multilingual dialogue systems.
Key facts. Cited by 36 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Mar 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 6; 2023: 6; 2024: 6; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.
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- 2022Long Time No See! Open-Domain Conversation with Long-Term Persona Memorycited by 107
- 2021Language Models are Few-shot Multilingual Learnerscited by 92
- 2023Personalisation within bounds: A risk taxonomy and policy framework for the alignment of large language models with personalised feedbackcited by 86
- 2021BoB: BERT Over BERT for Training Persona-based Dialogue Models from Limited Personalized Datacited by 75
- 2022One Country, 700+ Languages: NLP Challenges for Underrepresented Languages and Dialects in Indonesiacited by 65
- 2021Few-Shot Bot: Prompt-Based Learning for Dialogue Systemscited by 64
- 2021IndoNLG: Benchmark and Resources for Evaluating Indonesian Natural Language Generationcited by 57
- 2021Are Multilingual Models Effective in Code-Switching?cited by 56
- 2021BiToD: A Bilingual Multi-Domain Dataset For Task-Oriented Dialogue Modelingcited by 55
- 2021DuRecDial 2.0: A Bilingual Parallel Corpus for Conversational Recommendationcited by 46
- 2022NusaCrowd: Open Source Initiative for Indonesian NLP Resourcescited by 38
- 2022A Literature Survey of Recent Advances in Chatbotscited by 26
24 more
- 2024Recent Trends in Personalized Dialogue Generation: A Review of Datasets, Methodologies, and Evaluationscited by 19
- 2021Crossing the Conversational Chasm: A Primer on Natural Language Processing for Multilingual Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 16
- 2022MDIA: A Benchmark for Multilingual Dialogue Generation in 46 Languagescited by 13
- 2023xDial-Eval: A Multilingual Open-Domain Dialogue Evaluation Benchmarkcited by 13
- 2021X-METRA-ADA: Cross-lingual Meta-Transfer Learning Adaptation to Natural Language Understanding and Question Answeringcited by 10
- 2024Role-Play Zero-Shot Prompting with Large Language Models for Open-Domain Human-Machine Conversationcited by 7
- 2023UniMC: A Unified Framework for Long-Term Memory Conversation via Relevance Representation Learningcited by 6
- 2024AutoPal: Autonomous Adaptation to Users for Personal AI Companionshipcited by 6
- 2021CAiRE in DialDoc21: Data Augmentation for Information-Seeking Dialogue Systemcited by 5
- 2023A Survey of Personality, Persona, and Profile in Conversational Agents and Chatbotscited by 5
- 2024ECoh: Turn-level Coherence Evaluation for Multilingual Dialoguescited by 5
- 2021Multilingual Transfer Learning for Code-Switched Language and Speech Neural Modelingcited by 4
- 2021Nora: The Well-Being Coachcited by 4
- 2023Prompt Learning to Mitigate Catastrophic Forgetting in Cross-lingual Transfer for Open-domain Dialogue Generationcited by 4
- 2025Language Surgery in Multilingual Large Language Modelscited by 4
- 2025Multilingual Dialogue Generation and Localization with Dialogue Act Scriptingcited by 4
- 2022Towards Answering Open-ended Ethical Quandary Questionscited by 3
- 2025SEADialogues: A Multilingual Culturally Grounded Multi-turn Dialogue Dataset on Southeast Asian Languagescited by 3
- 2023A Multilingual Virtual Guide for Self-Attachment Techniquecited by 1
- 2024Unstructured Text Enhanced Open-domain Dialogue System: A Systematic Surveycited by 1
- 2025MEDAL: A Framework for Benchmarking LLMs as Multilingual Open-Domain Dialogue Evaluatorscited by 1
- 2024Language Portability Strategies for Open-domain Dialogue with Pre-trained Language Models from High to Low Resource Languagescited by 0
- 2025Can MLLMs Generalize to Multi-Party dialog? Exploring Multilingual Response Generation in Complex Scenarioscited by 0
- 2026Dial HEALTHDIAL for Advice: A Multilingual and Multi-Parallel Spoken Dialogue Dataset for Knowledge-Grounded Information Seekingcited by 0
- 2026Dial HEALTHDIAL for Advice: A Multilingual and Multi-Parallel Spoken Dialogue Dataset for Knowledge-Grounded Information Seeking28 May 2026
- 2025Multilingual Dialogue Generation and Localization with Dialogue Act Scripting26 Sep 2025
- 2025SEADialogues: A Multilingual Culturally Grounded Multi-turn Dialogue Dataset on Southeast Asian Languages9 Aug 2025
- 2025Language Surgery in Multilingual Large Language Models14 Jun 2025
- 2025MEDAL: A Framework for Benchmarking LLMs as Multilingual Open-Domain Dialogue Evaluators28 May 2025
- 2025Can MLLMs Generalize to Multi-Party dialog? Exploring Multilingual Response Generation in Complex Scenarios20 Jan 2025
- 2024Unstructured Text Enhanced Open-domain Dialogue System: A Systematic Survey14 Nov 2024
- 2024ECoh: Turn-level Coherence Evaluation for Multilingual Dialogues16 Jul 2024
- 2024Language Portability Strategies for Open-domain Dialogue with Pre-trained Language Models from High to Low Resource Languages1 Jul 2024
- 2024Role-Play Zero-Shot Prompting with Large Language Models for Open-Domain Human-Machine Conversation26 Jun 2024
- 2024AutoPal: Autonomous Adaptation to Users for Personal AI Companionship20 Jun 2024
- 2024Recent Trends in Personalized Dialogue Generation: A Review of Datasets, Methodologies, and Evaluations28 May 2024
24 more
- 2023A Survey of Personality, Persona, and Profile in Conversational Agents and Chatbots31 Dec 2023
- 2023A Multilingual Virtual Guide for Self-Attachment Technique25 Oct 2023
- 2023xDial-Eval: A Multilingual Open-Domain Dialogue Evaluation Benchmark13 Oct 2023
- 2023UniMC: A Unified Framework for Long-Term Memory Conversation via Relevance Representation Learning18 Jun 2023
- 2023Prompt Learning to Mitigate Catastrophic Forgetting in Cross-lingual Transfer for Open-domain Dialogue Generation12 May 2023
- 2023Personalisation within bounds: A risk taxonomy and policy framework for the alignment of large language models with personalised feedback9 Mar 2023
- 2022NusaCrowd: Open Source Initiative for Indonesian NLP Resources19 Dec 2022
- 2022MDIA: A Benchmark for Multilingual Dialogue Generation in 46 Languages27 Aug 2022
- 2022Towards Answering Open-ended Ethical Quandary Questions12 May 2022
- 2022One Country, 700+ Languages: NLP Challenges for Underrepresented Languages and Dialects in Indonesia24 Mar 2022
- 2022Long Time No See! Open-Domain Conversation with Long-Term Persona Memory11 Mar 2022
- 2022A Literature Survey of Recent Advances in Chatbots17 Jan 2022
- 2021Few-Shot Bot: Prompt-Based Learning for Dialogue Systems15 Oct 2021
- 2021DuRecDial 2.0: A Bilingual Parallel Corpus for Conversational Recommendation18 Sep 2021
- 2021Language Models are Few-shot Multilingual Learners16 Sep 2021
- 2021BoB: BERT Over BERT for Training Persona-based Dialogue Models from Limited Personalized Data11 Jun 2021
- 2021CAiRE in DialDoc21: Data Augmentation for Information-Seeking Dialogue System7 Jun 2021
- 2021BiToD: A Bilingual Multi-Domain Dataset For Task-Oriented Dialogue Modeling5 Jun 2021
- 2021Nora: The Well-Being Coach1 Jun 2021
- 2021X-METRA-ADA: Cross-lingual Meta-Transfer Learning Adaptation to Natural Language Understanding and Question Answering20 Apr 2021
- 2021Crossing the Conversational Chasm: A Primer on Natural Language Processing for Multilingual Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems17 Apr 2021
- 2021IndoNLG: Benchmark and Resources for Evaluating Indonesian Natural Language Generation16 Apr 2021
- 2021Multilingual Transfer Learning for Code-Switched Language and Speech Neural Modeling13 Apr 2021
- 2021Are Multilingual Models Effective in Code-Switching?24 Mar 2021
- 2022Long Time No See! Open-Domain Conversation with Long-Term Persona Memorycited by 107
- 2021Language Models are Few-shot Multilingual Learnerscited by 92
- 2021BoB: BERT Over BERT for Training Persona-based Dialogue Models from Limited Personalized Datacited by 75
- 2022One Country, 700+ Languages: NLP Challenges for Underrepresented Languages and Dialects in Indonesiacited by 65
- 2021Few-Shot Bot: Prompt-Based Learning for Dialogue Systemscited by 64
- 2021IndoNLG: Benchmark and Resources for Evaluating Indonesian Natural Language Generationcited by 57
- 2021Are Multilingual Models Effective in Code-Switching?cited by 56
- 2021BiToD: A Bilingual Multi-Domain Dataset For Task-Oriented Dialogue Modelingcited by 55
- 2021DuRecDial 2.0: A Bilingual Parallel Corpus for Conversational Recommendationcited by 46
- 2022NusaCrowd: Open Source Initiative for Indonesian NLP Resourcescited by 38
- 2022A Literature Survey of Recent Advances in Chatbotscited by 26
- 2024Recent Trends in Personalized Dialogue Generation: A Review of Datasets, Methodologies, and Evaluationscited by 19
12 most cited of 35 All 35 (JSON)
- 2026Dial HEALTHDIAL for Advice: A Multilingual and Multi-Parallel Spoken Dialogue Dataset for Knowledge-Grounded Information Seeking28 May 2026
- 2025Multilingual Dialogue Generation and Localization with Dialogue Act Scripting26 Sep 2025
- 2025SEADialogues: A Multilingual Culturally Grounded Multi-turn Dialogue Dataset on Southeast Asian Languages9 Aug 2025
- 2025Language Surgery in Multilingual Large Language Models14 Jun 2025
- 2025MEDAL: A Framework for Benchmarking LLMs as Multilingual Open-Domain Dialogue Evaluators28 May 2025
- 2025Can MLLMs Generalize to Multi-Party dialog? Exploring Multilingual Response Generation in Complex Scenarios20 Jan 2025
- 2024Unstructured Text Enhanced Open-domain Dialogue System: A Systematic Survey14 Nov 2024
- 2024ECoh: Turn-level Coherence Evaluation for Multilingual Dialogues16 Jul 2024
- 2024Language Portability Strategies for Open-domain Dialogue with Pre-trained Language Models from High to Low Resource Languages1 Jul 2024
- 2024Role-Play Zero-Shot Prompting with Large Language Models for Open-Domain Human-Machine Conversation26 Jun 2024
- 2024AutoPal: Autonomous Adaptation to Users for Personal AI Companionship20 Jun 2024
- 2024Recent Trends in Personalized Dialogue Generation: A Review of Datasets, Methodologies, and Evaluations28 May 2024
12 newest of 35 All 35 (JSON)