mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Literature Survey of Recent Advances in Chatbots

arXiv 2201.06657 ↗First posted 17 Jan 2022cs.CLcited by 26

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Abstract (arXiv)

Chatbots are intelligent conversational computer systems designed to mimic human conversation to enable automated online guidance and support. The increased benefits of chatbots led to their wide adoption by many industries in order to provide virtual assistance to customers. Chatbots utilise methods and algorithms from two Artificial Intelligence domains: Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning. However, there are many challenges and limitations in their application. In this survey we review recent advances on chatbots, where Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language processing are used. We highlight the main challenges and limitations of current work and make recommendations for future research investigation.

Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 106 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Jan 2022.

Builds on

32 of 106 references.

References · 32

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2014Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translatecited by 4,530
  4. 2014Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networkscited by 2,974
  5. 2019Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Contextcited by 1,830
  6. 2020Reformer: The Efficient Transformercited by 1,658
  7. 2015Show, Attend and Tell: Neural Image Caption Generation with Visual Attentioncited by 1,421
  8. 2016Language Modeling with Gated Convolutional Networkscited by 688
  9. 2017DailyDialog: A Manually Labelled Multi-turn Dialogue Datasetcited by 649
  10. 2020Recipes for building an open-domain chatbotcited by 593
  11. 2020Towards a Human-like Open-Domain Chatbotcited by 467
  12. 2016Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dialogue Generationcited by 286
20 more
  1. 2017OpenNMT: Open-source Toolkit for Neural Machine Translationcited by 251
  2. 2015A Neural Conversational Modelcited by 195
  3. 2019The Evolved Transformercited by 180
  4. 2018The Design and Implementation of XiaoIce, an Empathetic Social Chatbotcited by 172
  5. 2020Recipes for Safety in Open-domain Chatbotscited by 168
  6. 2015Neural Responding Machine for Short-Text Conversationcited by 124
  7. 2017Adversarial Learning for Neural Dialogue Generationcited by 103
  8. 2015A Neural Network Approach to Context-Sensitive Generation of Conversational Responsescited by 98
  9. 2018From Eliza to XiaoIce: Challenges and Opportunities with Social Chatbotscited by 85
  10. 2019ACUTE-EVAL: Improved Dialogue Evaluation with Optimized Questions and Multi-turn Comparisonscited by 83
  11. 2019Approximating Interactive Human Evaluation with Self-Play for Open-Domain Dialog Systemscited by 42
  12. 2020XPersona: Evaluating Multilingual Personalized Chatbotcited by 36
  13. 2018An Affect-Rich Neural Conversational Model with Biased Attention and Weighted Cross-Entropy Losscited by 21
  14. 2017Evaluating Quality of Chatbots and Intelligent Conversational Agentscited by 16
  15. 2017Adversarial Evaluation of Dialogue Modelscited by 12
  16. 2019Ensemble-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning for Chatbotscited by 11
  17. 2020Exploring Context-Aware Conversational Agents in Software Developmentcited by 3
  18. 2020Seq2Seq AI Chatbot with Attention Mechanismcited by 3
  19. 2018Context-Aware Sequence-to-Sequence Models for Conversational Systemscited by 2
  20. 2019Evaluation and Improvement of Chatbot Text Classification Data Quality Using Plausible Negative Examplescited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 3; 2023: 12; 2024: 5; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.

26 papers.

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  1. 2022Interpretability in the Wild: a Circuit for Indirect Object Identification in GPT-2 smallcited by 1,130
  2. 2023A Complete Survey on Generative AI (AIGC): Is ChatGPT from GPT-4 to GPT-5 All You Need?cited by 84
  3. 2023Bias and Fairness in Chatbots: An Overviewcited by 20
  4. 2025Doing More with Less: A Survey on Routing Strategies for Resource Optimisation in Large Language Model-Based Systemscited by 18
  5. 2023Less is More: Mitigate Spurious Correlations for Open-Domain Dialogue Response Generation Models by Causal Discoverycited by 10
  6. 2023Evaluating Task-oriented Dialogue Systems: A Systematic Review of Measures, Constructs and their Operationalisationscited by 9
  7. 2023Deceptive AI Ecosystems: The Case of ChatGPTcited by 7
  8. 2024A Comparison of LLM Finetuning Methods & Evaluation Metrics with Travel Chatbot Use Casecited by 6
  9. 2022State-of-the-art in Open-domain Conversational AI: A Surveycited by 5
  10. 2024Computational Argumentation-based Chatbots: a Surveycited by 5
  11. 2023Beyond Traditional Teaching: The Potential of Large Language Models and Chatbots in Graduate Engineering Educationcited by 4
  12. 2023Ultra-Long Sequence Distributed Transformercited by 3
14 more
  1. 2024Impacts of Anthropomorphizing Large Language Models in Learning Environmentscited by 3
  2. 2025Modeling and Optimizing User Preferences in AI Copilots: A Comprehensive Survey and Taxonomycited by 3
  3. 2023Cases of EFL Secondary Students' Prompt Engineering Pathways to Complete a Writing Task with ChatGPTcited by 2
  4. 2024KoDialogBench: Evaluating Conversational Understanding of Language Models with Korean Dialogue Benchmarkcited by 2
  5. 2023The Chai Platform's AI Safety Frameworkcited by 1
  6. 2024Modular Conversational Agents for Surveys and Interviewscited by 1
  7. 2025Finding A Voice: Exploring the Potential of African American Dialect and Voice Generation for Chatbotscited by 1
  8. 2025A Proposal for Evaluating the Operational Risk for ChatBots based on Large Language Modelscited by 1
  9. 2022Implementing a Chatbot Solution for Learning Management Systemcited by 0
  10. 2023A Reference Model for Collaborative Business Intelligence Virtual Assistantscited by 0
  11. 2023Creation Of A ChatBot Based On Natural Language Proccesing For Whatsappcited by 0
  12. 2023Collaborative business intelligence virtual assistantcited by 0
  13. 2026Intelligent Co-Design: An Interactive LLM Framework for Interior Spatial Design via Multi-Modal Agentscited by 0
  14. 2026Large Language Models for Token-Efficient and Semantic-Preserving Opinion Summarizationcited by 0