Monocular Depth Estimation Based On Deep Learning: An Overview
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Abstract (arXiv)
Depth information is important for autonomous systems to perceive environments and estimate their own state. Traditional depth estimation methods, like structure from motion and stereo vision matching, are built on feature correspondences of multiple viewpoints. Meanwhile, the predicted depth maps are sparse. Inferring depth information from a single image (monocular depth estimation) is an ill-posed problem. With the rapid development of deep neural networks, monocular depth estimation based on deep learning has been widely studied recently and achieved promising performance in accuracy. Meanwhile, dense depth maps are estimated from single images by deep neural networks in an end-to-end manner. In order to improve the accuracy of depth estimation, different kinds of network frameworks, loss functions and training strategies are proposed subsequently. Therefore, we survey the current monocular depth estimation methods based on deep learning in this review. Initially, we conclude several widely used datasets and evaluation indicators in deep learning-based depth estimation. Furthermore, we review some representative existing methods according to different training manners: supervised, unsupervised and semi-supervised. Finally, we discuss the challenges and provide some ideas for future researches in monocular depth estimation.
Key facts. Cited by 68 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 13; 2023: 19; 2024: 14; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.
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- 2022BinsFormer: Revisiting Adaptive Bins for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 166
- 2022MonoViT: Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with a Vision Transformercited by 136
- 2023Tetra-NeRF: Representing Neural Radiance Fields Using Tetrahedracited by 57
- 2023RoboDepth: Robust Out-of-Distribution Depth Estimation under Corruptionscited by 47
- 2022Context-Enhanced Stereo Transformercited by 37
- 2023Learning Depth Estimation for Transparent and Mirror Surfacescited by 34
- 2023Booster: a Benchmark for Depth from Images of Specular and Transparent Surfacescited by 33
- 2024Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation: Overcoming Challenging Conditionscited by 29
- 2021Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation in Highly Complex Environmentscited by 28
- 2022UDepth: Fast Monocular Depth Estimation for Visually-guided Underwater Robotscited by 27
- 2021Learning Visual Affordance Grounding from Demonstration Videoscited by 25
- 2021Beyond Image to Depth: Improving Depth Prediction using Echoescited by 24
38 more
- 2022Visual Semantic Segmentation Based on Few/Zero-Shot Learning: An Overviewcited by 16
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
- 2025EgoSim: An Egocentric Multi-view Simulator and Real Dataset for Body-worn Cameras during Motion and Activitycited by 15
- 2021Radar Voxel Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 13
- 2023The RoboDepth Challenge: Methods and Advancements Towards Robust Depth Estimationcited by 13
- 2023GasMono: Geometry-Aided Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation for Indoor Scenescited by 13
- 2024Prompting Multi-Modal Tokens to Enhance End-to-End Autonomous Driving Imitation Learning with LLMscited by 13
- 2021Towards Interpretable Deep Networks for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 12
- 2021GCNDepth: Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation based on Graph Convolutional Networkcited by 12
- 2022Depth Completion using Geometry-Aware Embeddingcited by 12
- 2023Causal reasoning in typical computer vision taskscited by 12
- 2022Learning Audio-Visual Dynamics Using Scene Graphs for Audio Source Separationcited by 11
- 2024Self-Evolving Depth-Supervised 3D Gaussian Splatting from Rendered Stereo Pairscited by 11
- 2025Depth Anything at Any Conditioncited by 11
- 2023High-Resolution Synthetic RGB-D Datasets for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 10
- 2021M4Depth: Monocular depth estimation for autonomous vehicles in unseen environmentscited by 9
- 2022PanoDepth: A Two-Stage Approach for Monocular Omnidirectional Depth Estimationcited by 9
- 2021CamLessMonoDepth: Monocular Depth Estimation with Unknown Camera Parameterscited by 8
- 2023HTC-DC Net: Monocular Height Estimation from Single Remote Sensing Imagescited by 8
- 2024Learning to Control Camera Exposure via Reinforcement Learningcited by 8
- 2024Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation in the Dark: Towards Data Distribution Compensationcited by 4
- 2024GroundUp: Rapid Sketch-Based 3D City Massingcited by 4
- 2022Learn to Adapt for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 3
- 2023PromptMix: Text-to-image diffusion models enhance the performance of lightweight networkscited by 3
- 2023Depth Estimation from a Single Optical Encoded Image using a Learned Colored-Coded Aperturecited by 3
- 2024MaskFuser: Masked Fusion of Joint Multi-Modal Tokenization for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
- 2021Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation of Untextured Indoor Rotated Scenescited by 2
- 2021Active Safety Envelopes using Light Curtains with Probabilistic Guaranteescited by 2
- 2022Unsupervised Single-shot Depth Estimation using Perceptual Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2023Regularising disparity estimation via multi task learning with structured light reconstructioncited by 2
- 2023altiro3D: Scene representation from single image and novel view synthesiscited by 2
- 2023LoLep: Single-View View Synthesis with Locally-Learned Planes and Self-Attention Occlusion Inferencecited by 2
- 2023ADU-Depth: Attention-based Distillation with Uncertainty Modeling for Depth Estimationcited by 2
- 2024A Novel Spike Transformer Network for Depth Estimation from Event Cameras via Cross-modality Knowledge Distillationcited by 2
- 2022Depth Monocular Estimation with Attention-based Encoder-Decoder Network from Single Imagecited by 1
- 2023RGB-D-Fusion: Image Conditioned Depth Diffusion of Humanoid Subjectscited by 1
- 2024Depth Estimation using Weighted-loss and Transfer Learningcited by 1
- 2024Computer vision tasks for intelligent aerospace missions: An overviewcited by 1
50 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)
- 2026JEPADepth: Masked Predictive Representation Learning for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation29 Jul 2026
- 2026Depth-Semantic Alignment and Affinity-Guided Fusion for Structured Radar Point Cloud Generation25 Jun 2026
- 2025Towards High-Precision Depth Sensing via Monocular-Aided iToF and RGB Integration3 Aug 2025
- 2025A Dual-Feature Extractor Framework for Accurate Back Depth and Spine Morphology Estimation from Monocular RGB Images30 Jul 2025
- 2025Seamless High-Resolution Terrain Reconstruction: A Prior-Based Vision Transformer Approach13 Jul 2025
- 2025Depth Anything at Any Condition2 Jul 2025
- 2025EgoSim: An Egocentric Multi-view Simulator and Real Dataset for Body-worn Cameras during Motion and Activity25 Feb 2025
- 2025Survey on Monocular Metric Depth Estimation21 Jan 2025
- 2024MetricDepth: Enhancing Monocular Depth Estimation with Deep Metric Learning29 Dec 2024
- 2024SinkSAM-Net: Knowledge-Driven Self-Supervised Sinkhole Segmentation Using Topographic Priors and Segment Anything Model2 Oct 2024
- 2024Self-Evolving Depth-Supervised 3D Gaussian Splatting from Rendered Stereo Pairs11 Sep 2024
- 2024Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation: Overcoming Challenging Conditions23 Jul 2024
38 more
- 2024GroundUp: Rapid Sketch-Based 3D City Massing17 Jul 2024
- 2024Computer vision tasks for intelligent aerospace missions: An overview9 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Survey28 Jun 2024
- 2024KPNDepth: Depth Estimation of Lane Images under Complex Rainy Environment16 May 2024
- 2024MaskFuser: Masked Fusion of Joint Multi-Modal Tokenization for End-to-End Autonomous Driving13 May 2024
- 2024A Novel Spike Transformer Network for Depth Estimation from Event Cameras via Cross-modality Knowledge Distillation26 Apr 2024
- 2024Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation in the Dark: Towards Data Distribution Compensation22 Apr 2024
- 2024Depth Estimation using Weighted-loss and Transfer Learning11 Apr 2024
- 2024Prompting Multi-Modal Tokens to Enhance End-to-End Autonomous Driving Imitation Learning with LLMs7 Apr 2024
- 2024Learning to Control Camera Exposure via Reinforcement Learning2 Apr 2024
- 2023DeepMetricEye: Metric Depth Estimation in Periocular VR Imagery13 Nov 2023
- 2023RoboDepth: Robust Out-of-Distribution Depth Estimation under Corruptions23 Oct 2023
- 2023HTC-DC Net: Monocular Height Estimation from Single Remote Sensing Images28 Sep 2023
- 2023GasMono: Geometry-Aided Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation for Indoor Scenes26 Sep 2023
- 2023ADU-Depth: Attention-based Distillation with Uncertainty Modeling for Depth Estimation26 Sep 2023
- 2023STDG: Semi-Teacher-Student Training Paradigram for Depth-guided One-stage Scene Graph Generation15 Sep 2023
- 2023Depth Estimation from a Single Optical Encoded Image using a Learned Colored-Coded Aperture14 Sep 2023
- 2023Semantic and Articulated Pedestrian Sensing Onboard a Moving Vehicle12 Sep 2023
- 2023RGB-D-Fusion: Image Conditioned Depth Diffusion of Humanoid Subjects29 Jul 2023
- 2023The RoboDepth Challenge: Methods and Advancements Towards Robust Depth Estimation27 Jul 2023
- 2023Learning Depth Estimation for Transparent and Mirror Surfaces27 Jul 2023
- 2023Causal reasoning in typical computer vision tasks26 Jul 2023
- 2023LoLep: Single-View View Synthesis with Locally-Learned Planes and Self-Attention Occlusion Inference23 Jul 2023
- 2023High-Resolution Synthetic RGB-D Datasets for Monocular Depth Estimation2 May 2023
- 2023Tetra-NeRF: Representing Neural Radiance Fields Using Tetrahedra19 Apr 2023
- 2023altiro3D: Scene representation from single image and novel view synthesis2 Apr 2023
- 2023PromptMix: Text-to-image diffusion models enhance the performance of lightweight networks30 Jan 2023
- 2023Booster: a Benchmark for Depth from Images of Specular and Transparent Surfaces19 Jan 2023
- 2023Regularising disparity estimation via multi task learning with structured light reconstruction19 Jan 2023
- 2022Copy-Pasting Coherent Depth Regions Improves Contrastive Learning for Urban-Scene Segmentation25 Nov 2022
- 2022Visual Semantic Segmentation Based on Few/Zero-Shot Learning: An Overview13 Nov 2022
- 2022Learning Audio-Visual Dynamics Using Scene Graphs for Audio Source Separation29 Oct 2022
- 2022Depth Monocular Estimation with Attention-based Encoder-Decoder Network from Single Image24 Oct 2022
- 2022Context-Enhanced Stereo Transformer21 Oct 2022
- 2022UDepth: Fast Monocular Depth Estimation for Visually-guided Underwater Robots26 Sep 2022
- 2022MonoViT: Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with a Vision Transformer6 Aug 2022
- 2022BinsFormer: Revisiting Adaptive Bins for Monocular Depth Estimation3 Apr 2022
- 2022Learn to Adapt for Monocular Depth Estimation26 Mar 2022
50 newest of 68 All 68 (JSON)
- 2023Causal reasoning in typical computer vision taskscited by 12
- 2023Causal reasoning in typical computer vision tasks26 Jul 2023
- 2022BinsFormer: Revisiting Adaptive Bins for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 166
- 2022MonoViT: Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with a Vision Transformercited by 136
- 2023Tetra-NeRF: Representing Neural Radiance Fields Using Tetrahedracited by 57
- 2023RoboDepth: Robust Out-of-Distribution Depth Estimation under Corruptionscited by 47
- 2022Context-Enhanced Stereo Transformercited by 37
- 2023Learning Depth Estimation for Transparent and Mirror Surfacescited by 34
- 2023Booster: a Benchmark for Depth from Images of Specular and Transparent Surfacescited by 33
- 2021Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation in Highly Complex Environmentscited by 28
- 2022UDepth: Fast Monocular Depth Estimation for Visually-guided Underwater Robotscited by 27
- 2021Learning Visual Affordance Grounding from Demonstration Videoscited by 25
- 2021Beyond Image to Depth: Improving Depth Prediction using Echoescited by 24
- 2022Visual Semantic Segmentation Based on Few/Zero-Shot Learning: An Overviewcited by 16
12 most cited of 62 All 62 (JSON)
- 2026JEPADepth: Masked Predictive Representation Learning for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation29 Jul 2026
- 2026Depth-Semantic Alignment and Affinity-Guided Fusion for Structured Radar Point Cloud Generation25 Jun 2026
- 2025Towards High-Precision Depth Sensing via Monocular-Aided iToF and RGB Integration3 Aug 2025
- 2025A Dual-Feature Extractor Framework for Accurate Back Depth and Spine Morphology Estimation from Monocular RGB Images30 Jul 2025
- 2025Seamless High-Resolution Terrain Reconstruction: A Prior-Based Vision Transformer Approach13 Jul 2025
- 2025Depth Anything at Any Condition2 Jul 2025
- 2025EgoSim: An Egocentric Multi-view Simulator and Real Dataset for Body-worn Cameras during Motion and Activity25 Feb 2025
- 2025Survey on Monocular Metric Depth Estimation21 Jan 2025
- 2024MetricDepth: Enhancing Monocular Depth Estimation with Deep Metric Learning29 Dec 2024
- 2024SinkSAM-Net: Knowledge-Driven Self-Supervised Sinkhole Segmentation Using Topographic Priors and Segment Anything Model2 Oct 2024
- 2024Self-Evolving Depth-Supervised 3D Gaussian Splatting from Rendered Stereo Pairs11 Sep 2024
- 2024GroundUp: Rapid Sketch-Based 3D City Massing17 Jul 2024
12 newest of 62 All 62 (JSON)