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Monocular Depth Estimation Based On Deep Learning: An Overview

arXiv 2003.06620 ↗First posted 14 Mar 2020cs.CVcited by 68

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Abstract (arXiv)

Depth information is important for autonomous systems to perceive environments and estimate their own state. Traditional depth estimation methods, like structure from motion and stereo vision matching, are built on feature correspondences of multiple viewpoints. Meanwhile, the predicted depth maps are sparse. Inferring depth information from a single image (monocular depth estimation) is an ill-posed problem. With the rapid development of deep neural networks, monocular depth estimation based on deep learning has been widely studied recently and achieved promising performance in accuracy. Meanwhile, dense depth maps are estimated from single images by deep neural networks in an end-to-end manner. In order to improve the accuracy of depth estimation, different kinds of network frameworks, loss functions and training strategies are proposed subsequently. Therefore, we survey the current monocular depth estimation methods based on deep learning in this review. Initially, we conclude several widely used datasets and evaluation indicators in deep learning-based depth estimation. Furthermore, we review some representative existing methods according to different training manners: supervised, unsupervised and semi-supervised. Finally, we discuss the challenges and provide some ideas for future researches in monocular depth estimation.

Key facts. Cited by 68 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Mar 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 13; 2023: 19; 2024: 14; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.

68 papers.

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  1. 2022BinsFormer: Revisiting Adaptive Bins for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 166
  2. 2022MonoViT: Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with a Vision Transformercited by 136
  3. 2023Tetra-NeRF: Representing Neural Radiance Fields Using Tetrahedracited by 57
  4. 2023RoboDepth: Robust Out-of-Distribution Depth Estimation under Corruptionscited by 47
  5. 2022Context-Enhanced Stereo Transformercited by 37
  6. 2023Learning Depth Estimation for Transparent and Mirror Surfacescited by 34
  7. 2023Booster: a Benchmark for Depth from Images of Specular and Transparent Surfacescited by 33
  8. 2024Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation: Overcoming Challenging Conditionscited by 29
  9. 2021Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation in Highly Complex Environmentscited by 28
  10. 2022UDepth: Fast Monocular Depth Estimation for Visually-guided Underwater Robotscited by 27
  11. 2021Learning Visual Affordance Grounding from Demonstration Videoscited by 25
  12. 2021Beyond Image to Depth: Improving Depth Prediction using Echoescited by 24
38 more
  1. 2022Visual Semantic Segmentation Based on Few/Zero-Shot Learning: An Overviewcited by 16
  2. 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
  3. 2025EgoSim: An Egocentric Multi-view Simulator and Real Dataset for Body-worn Cameras during Motion and Activitycited by 15
  4. 2021Radar Voxel Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 13
  5. 2023The RoboDepth Challenge: Methods and Advancements Towards Robust Depth Estimationcited by 13
  6. 2023GasMono: Geometry-Aided Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation for Indoor Scenescited by 13
  7. 2024Prompting Multi-Modal Tokens to Enhance End-to-End Autonomous Driving Imitation Learning with LLMscited by 13
  8. 2021Towards Interpretable Deep Networks for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 12
  9. 2021GCNDepth: Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation based on Graph Convolutional Networkcited by 12
  10. 2022Depth Completion using Geometry-Aware Embeddingcited by 12
  11. 2023Causal reasoning in typical computer vision taskscited by 12
  12. 2022Learning Audio-Visual Dynamics Using Scene Graphs for Audio Source Separationcited by 11
  13. 2024Self-Evolving Depth-Supervised 3D Gaussian Splatting from Rendered Stereo Pairscited by 11
  14. 2025Depth Anything at Any Conditioncited by 11
  15. 2023High-Resolution Synthetic RGB-D Datasets for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 10
  16. 2021M4Depth: Monocular depth estimation for autonomous vehicles in unseen environmentscited by 9
  17. 2022PanoDepth: A Two-Stage Approach for Monocular Omnidirectional Depth Estimationcited by 9
  18. 2021CamLessMonoDepth: Monocular Depth Estimation with Unknown Camera Parameterscited by 8
  19. 2023HTC-DC Net: Monocular Height Estimation from Single Remote Sensing Imagescited by 8
  20. 2024Learning to Control Camera Exposure via Reinforcement Learningcited by 8
  21. 2024Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation in the Dark: Towards Data Distribution Compensationcited by 4
  22. 2024GroundUp: Rapid Sketch-Based 3D City Massingcited by 4
  23. 2022Learn to Adapt for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 3
  24. 2023PromptMix: Text-to-image diffusion models enhance the performance of lightweight networkscited by 3
  25. 2023Depth Estimation from a Single Optical Encoded Image using a Learned Colored-Coded Aperturecited by 3
  26. 2024MaskFuser: Masked Fusion of Joint Multi-Modal Tokenization for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
  27. 2021Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation of Untextured Indoor Rotated Scenescited by 2
  28. 2021Active Safety Envelopes using Light Curtains with Probabilistic Guaranteescited by 2
  29. 2022Unsupervised Single-shot Depth Estimation using Perceptual Reconstructioncited by 2
  30. 2023Regularising disparity estimation via multi task learning with structured light reconstructioncited by 2
  31. 2023altiro3D: Scene representation from single image and novel view synthesiscited by 2
  32. 2023LoLep: Single-View View Synthesis with Locally-Learned Planes and Self-Attention Occlusion Inferencecited by 2
  33. 2023ADU-Depth: Attention-based Distillation with Uncertainty Modeling for Depth Estimationcited by 2
  34. 2024A Novel Spike Transformer Network for Depth Estimation from Event Cameras via Cross-modality Knowledge Distillationcited by 2
  35. 2022Depth Monocular Estimation with Attention-based Encoder-Decoder Network from Single Imagecited by 1
  36. 2023RGB-D-Fusion: Image Conditioned Depth Diffusion of Humanoid Subjectscited by 1
  37. 2024Depth Estimation using Weighted-loss and Transfer Learningcited by 1
  38. 2024Computer vision tasks for intelligent aerospace missions: An overviewcited by 1

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