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The COVID-19 Social Media Infodemic

arXiv 2003.05004 ↗First posted 10 Mar 2020cs.SI nlin.AO physics.soc-phcited by 64

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Abstract (arXiv)

We address the diffusion of information about the COVID-19 with a massive data analysis on Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Reddit and Gab. We analyze engagement and interest in the COVID-19 topic and provide a differential assessment on the evolution of the discourse on a global scale for each platform and their users. We fit information spreading with epidemic models characterizing the basic reproduction numbers R0 for each social media platform. Moreover, we characterize information spreading from questionable sources, finding different volumes of misinformation in each platform. However, information from both reliable and questionable sources do not present different spreading patterns. Finally, we provide platform-dependent numerical estimates of rumors' amplification.

Key facts. Cited by 64 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Mar 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 19; 2022: 12; 2023: 10; 2024: 3; 2025: 6; 2026: 14.

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  1. 2025Language in the Flow of Time: Time-Series-Paired Texts Weaved into a Unified Temporal Narrativecited by 35
  2. 2021The Surprising Performance of Simple Baselines for Misinformation Detectioncited by 27
  3. 2025The simulation of judgment in LLMscited by 22
  4. 2021Findings of the NLP4IF-2021 Shared Tasks on Fighting the COVID-19 Infodemic and Censorship Detectioncited by 14
  5. 2021Model Generalization on COVID-19 Fake News Detectioncited by 11
  6. 2021Testing the Generalization of Neural Language Models for COVID-19 Misinformation Detectioncited by 10
  7. 2022Using Twitter Data to Understand Public Perceptions of Approved versus Off-label Use for COVID-19-related Medicationscited by 8
  8. 2021COVID-19 Modeling: A Reviewcited by 7
  9. 2023Demystifying Misconceptions in Social Bots Researchcited by 7
  10. 2021Studying Fake News Spreading, Polarisation Dynamics, and Manipulation by Bots: a Tale of Networks and Languagecited by 6
  11. 2021DASentimental: Detecting depression, anxiety and stress in texts via emotional recall, cognitive networks and machine learningcited by 6
  12. 2022MM-Claims: A Dataset for Multimodal Claim Detection in Social Mediacited by 6
38 more
  1. 2022Combating Health Misinformation in Social Media: Characterization, Detection, Intervention, and Open Issuescited by 6
  2. 2026Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigmcited by 6
  3. 2021Cognitive network science for understanding online social cognitions: A brief reviewcited by 5
  4. 2021A Second Pandemic? Analysis of Fake News About COVID-19 Vaccines in Qatarcited by 5
  5. 2023Deep learning for COVID-19 topic modelling via Twitter: Alpha, Delta and Omicroncited by 4
  6. 2025Rhythm of Opinion: A Hawkes-Graph Framework for Dynamic Propagation Analysiscited by 4
  7. 2021Online Hate: Behavioural Dynamics and Relationship with Misinformationcited by 3
  8. 2022Mining Adverse Drug Reactions from Unstructured Mediums at Scalecited by 3
  9. 2022ArCovidVac: Analyzing Arabic Tweets About COVID-19 Vaccinationcited by 3
  10. 2022Writing about COVID-19 vaccines: Emotional profiling unravels how mainstream and alternative press framed AstraZeneca, Pfizer and vaccination campaignscited by 3
  11. 2023Auditing and Robustifying COVID-19 Misinformation Datasets via Anticontent Samplingcited by 3
  12. 2023Which linguistic cues make people fall for fake news? A comparison of cognitive and affective processingcited by 3
  13. 2025Multi-Agent Retrieval-Augmented Framework for Evidence-Based Counterspeech Against Health Misinformationcited by 3
  14. 2021How Pandemic Spread in News: Text Analysis Using Topic Modelcited by 2
  15. 2021How COVID-19 Is Changing Our Language : Detecting Semantic Shift in Twitter Word Embeddingscited by 2
  16. 2021The Arc of the Data Scientific Universecited by 2
  17. 2022QCRI's COVID-19 Disinformation Detector: A System to Fight the COVID-19 Infodemic in Social Mediacited by 2
  18. 2023Towards a Unified Framework for Adaptable Problematic Content Detection via Continual Learningcited by 2
  19. 2021Breaking Community Boundary: Comparing Academic and Social Communication Preferences regarding Global Pandemicscited by 1
  20. 2021The Evolution of Rumors on a Closed Platform during COVID-19cited by 1
  21. 2021Looking for COVID-19 misinformation in multilingual social media textscited by 1
  22. 2022Are You Misinformed? A Study of Covid-Related Fake News in Bengali on Facebookcited by 1
  23. 2022Machine Learning-based Automatic Annotation and Detection of COVID-19 Fake Newscited by 1
  24. 2023COVID-19 event extraction from Twitter via extractive question answering with continuous promptscited by 1
  25. 2024On Context-aware Detection of Cherry-picking in News Reportingcited by 1
  26. 2024Five Years of COVID-19 Discourse on Instagram: A Labeled Instagram Dataset of Over Half a Million Posts for Multilingual Sentiment Analysiscited by 1
  27. 2025A Criminology of Machinescited by 1
  28. 2021Mining Trends of COVID-19 Vaccine Beliefs on Twitter with Lexical Embeddingscited by 0
  29. 2021Case Study on Detecting COVID-19 Health-Related Misinformation in Social Mediacited by 0
  30. 2021Beyond a binary of (non)racist tweets: A four-dimensional categorical detection and analysis of racist and xenophobic opinions on Twitter in early Covid-19cited by 0
  31. 2022A Weakly-Supervised Iterative Graph-Based Approach to Retrieve COVID-19 Misinformation Topicscited by 0
  32. 2022Demystifying the COVID-19 vaccine discourse on Twittercited by 0
  33. 2022Large Language Models for Multi-label Propaganda Detectioncited by 0
  34. 2023Not cool, calm or collected: Using emotional language to detect COVID-19 misinformationcited by 0
  35. 2023A Large-Scale Comparative Study of Accurate COVID-19 Information versus Misinformationcited by 0
  36. 2023Reducing Computational Costs in Sentiment Analysis: Tensorized Recurrent Networks vs. Recurrent Networkscited by 0
  37. 2023Characterizing the Emotion Carriers of COVID-19 Misinformation and Their Impact on Vaccination Outcomes in India and the United Statescited by 0
  38. 2024DISHONEST: Dissecting misInformation Spread using Homogeneous sOcial NEtworks and Semantic Topic classificationcited by 0

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