UFOMap: An Efficient Probabilistic 3D Mapping Framework That Embraces the Unknown
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
3D models are an essential part of many robotic applications. In applications where the environment is unknown a-priori, or where only a part of the environment is known, it is important that the 3D model can handle the unknown space efficiently. Path planning, exploration, and reconstruction all fall into this category. In this paper we present an extension to OctoMap which we call UFOMap. UFOMap uses an explicit representation of all three states in the map, i.e., occupied, free, and unknown. This gives, surprisingly, a more memory efficient representation. Furthermore, we provide methods that allow for significantly faster insertions into the octree. This enables real-time colored volumetric mapping at high resolution (below 1 cm). UFOMap is contributed as a C++ library that can be used standalone but is also integrated into ROS.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Mar 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
11 papers.
- 2025What Is The Best 3D Scene Representation for Robotics? From Geometric to Foundation Modelscited by 29
- 2024DUFOMap: Efficient Dynamic Awareness Mappingcited by 11
- 2023Probabilistic Point Cloud Modeling via Self-Organizing Gaussian Mixture Modelscited by 7
- 2024BeautyMap: Binary-Encoded Adaptable Ground Matrix for Dynamic Points Removal in Global Mapscited by 6
- 2025Social 3D Scene Graphs: Modeling Human Actions and Relations for Interactive Service Robotscited by 5
- 2024STAGE: Scalable and Traversability-Aware Graph based Exploration Planner for Dynamically Varying Environmentscited by 3
- 2023GIRA: Gaussian Mixture Models for Inference and Robot Autonomycited by 1
- 2024OTO Planner: An Efficient Only Travelling Once Exploration Planner for Complex and Unknown Environmentscited by 0
- 2025Next-Best-Trajectory Planning of Robot Manipulators for Effective Observation and Explorationcited by 0
- 2026REST: Receding Horizon Explorative Steiner Tree for Zero-Shot Object-Goal Navigationcited by 0
- 2026A Survey of Spatial Memory Representations for Efficient Robot Navigationcited by 0
- 2026A Survey of Spatial Memory Representations for Efficient Robot Navigation13 Apr 2026
- 2026REST: Receding Horizon Explorative Steiner Tree for Zero-Shot Object-Goal Navigation19 Mar 2026
- 2025What Is The Best 3D Scene Representation for Robotics? From Geometric to Foundation Models3 Dec 2025
- 2025Social 3D Scene Graphs: Modeling Human Actions and Relations for Interactive Service Robots29 Sep 2025
- 2025Next-Best-Trajectory Planning of Robot Manipulators for Effective Observation and Exploration28 Mar 2025
- 2024OTO Planner: An Efficient Only Travelling Once Exploration Planner for Complex and Unknown Environments11 Jun 2024
- 2024BeautyMap: Binary-Encoded Adaptable Ground Matrix for Dynamic Points Removal in Global Maps12 May 2024
- 2024DUFOMap: Efficient Dynamic Awareness Mapping3 Mar 2024
- 2024STAGE: Scalable and Traversability-Aware Graph based Exploration Planner for Dynamically Varying Environments4 Feb 2024
- 2023GIRA: Gaussian Mixture Models for Inference and Robot Autonomy30 Jun 2023
- 2023Probabilistic Point Cloud Modeling via Self-Organizing Gaussian Mixture Models31 Jan 2023