Wide-minima Density Hypothesis and the Explore-Exploit Learning Rate Schedule
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Abstract (arXiv)
Several papers argue that wide minima generalize better than narrow minima. In this paper, through detailed experiments that not only corroborate the generalization properties of wide minima, we also provide empirical evidence for a new hypothesis that the density of wide minima is likely lower than the density of narrow minima. Further, motivated by this hypothesis, we design a novel explore-exploit learning rate schedule. On a variety of image and natural language datasets, compared to their original hand-tuned learning rate baselines, we show that our explore-exploit schedule can result in either up to 0.84% higher absolute accuracy using the original training budget or up to 57% reduced training time while achieving the original reported accuracy. For example, we achieve state-of-the-art (SOTA) accuracy for IWSLT'14 (DE-EN) dataset by just modifying the learning rate schedule of a high performing model.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Mar 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 5; 2023: 4; 2024: 6; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.
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- 2023No Train No Gain: Revisiting Efficient Training Algorithms For Transformer-based Language Modelscited by 41
- 2021Ranger21: a synergistic deep learning optimizercited by 21
- 2022Training Scale-Invariant Neural Networks on the Sphere Can Happen in Three Regimescited by 19
- 2025Mid-Training of Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 18
- 2024Sentence-Level or Token-Level? A Comprehensive Study on Knowledge Distillationcited by 12
- 2025Training Dynamics of the Cooldown Stage in Warmup-Stable-Decay Learning Rate Schedulercited by 9
- 2024Where Do Large Learning Rates Lead Us?cited by 6
- 2022Relaxed Attention for Transformer Modelscited by 5
- 2024Who Are We Missing? A Principled Approach to Characterizing the Underrepresented Populationcited by 5
- 2022IMDeception: Grouped Information Distilling Super-Resolution Networkcited by 3
- 2024A Learning Rate Path Switching Training Paradigm for Version Updates of Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2022Efficient Multi-Purpose Cross-Attention Based Image Alignment Block for Edge Devicescited by 1
13 more
- 2023No Data Augmentation? Alternative Regularizations for Effective Training on Small Datasetscited by 1
- 2023Large Learning Rates Improve Generalization: But How Large Are We Talking About?cited by 1
- 2024Learning to Deliver: a Foundation Model for the Montreal Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problemcited by 1
- 2025Development of Deep Learning Optimizers: Approaches, Concepts, and Update Rulescited by 1
- 2026Landscaper: Understanding Loss Landscapes Through Multi-Dimensional Topological Analysiscited by 1
- 2021LRTuner: A Learning Rate Tuner for Deep Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2022Distance Learner: Incorporating Manifold Prior to Model Trainingcited by 0
- 2023Unraveling Key Factors of Knowledge Distillationcited by 0
- 2024Randomness Helps Rigor: A Probabilistic Learning Rate Scheduler Bridging Theory and Deep Learning Practicecited by 0
- 2025Generalization of the Gibbs algorithm with high probability at low temperaturescited by 0
- 2025Escaping The Big Data Paradigm in Self-Supervised Representation Learningcited by 0
- 2026Sharp asymptotic theory for Q-learning with LDTZ learning rate and its generalizationcited by 0
- 2026Neural Cluster First, Route Second: Capacitated Vehicle Routing via Differentiable Optimal Transportcited by 0
- 2026Neural Cluster First, Route Second: Capacitated Vehicle Routing via Differentiable Optimal Transport10 May 2026
- 2026Sharp asymptotic theory for Q-learning with LDTZ learning rate and its generalization5 Apr 2026
- 2026Landscaper: Understanding Loss Landscapes Through Multi-Dimensional Topological Analysis6 Feb 2026
- 2025Mid-Training of Large Language Models: A Survey8 Oct 2025
- 2025Development of Deep Learning Optimizers: Approaches, Concepts, and Update Rules22 Sep 2025
- 2025Training Dynamics of the Cooldown Stage in Warmup-Stable-Decay Learning Rate Scheduler2 Aug 2025
- 2025Escaping The Big Data Paradigm in Self-Supervised Representation Learning25 Feb 2025
- 2025Generalization of the Gibbs algorithm with high probability at low temperatures16 Feb 2025
- 2024Where Do Large Learning Rates Lead Us?29 Oct 2024
- 2024A Learning Rate Path Switching Training Paradigm for Version Updates of Large Language Models5 Oct 2024
- 2024Randomness Helps Rigor: A Probabilistic Learning Rate Scheduler Bridging Theory and Deep Learning Practice10 Jul 2024
- 2024Sentence-Level or Token-Level? A Comprehensive Study on Knowledge Distillation23 Apr 2024
13 more
- 2024Learning to Deliver: a Foundation Model for the Montreal Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem28 Feb 2024
- 2024Who Are We Missing? A Principled Approach to Characterizing the Underrepresented Population25 Jan 2024
- 2023Unraveling Key Factors of Knowledge Distillation14 Dec 2023
- 2023Large Learning Rates Improve Generalization: But How Large Are We Talking About?19 Nov 2023
- 2023No Data Augmentation? Alternative Regularizations for Effective Training on Small Datasets4 Sep 2023
- 2023No Train No Gain: Revisiting Efficient Training Algorithms For Transformer-based Language Models12 Jul 2023
- 2022Relaxed Attention for Transformer Models20 Sep 2022
- 2022Training Scale-Invariant Neural Networks on the Sphere Can Happen in Three Regimes8 Sep 2022
- 2022Distance Learner: Incorporating Manifold Prior to Model Training14 Jul 2022
- 2022Efficient Multi-Purpose Cross-Attention Based Image Alignment Block for Edge Devices1 Jun 2022
- 2022IMDeception: Grouped Information Distilling Super-Resolution Network25 Apr 2022
- 2021Ranger21: a synergistic deep learning optimizer25 Jun 2021
- 2021LRTuner: A Learning Rate Tuner for Deep Neural Networks30 May 2021
- 2023No Train No Gain: Revisiting Efficient Training Algorithms For Transformer-based Language Modelscited by 41
- 2021Ranger21: a synergistic deep learning optimizercited by 21
- 2022Training Scale-Invariant Neural Networks on the Sphere Can Happen in Three Regimescited by 19
- 2025Mid-Training of Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 18
- 2024Sentence-Level or Token-Level? A Comprehensive Study on Knowledge Distillationcited by 12
- 2025Training Dynamics of the Cooldown Stage in Warmup-Stable-Decay Learning Rate Schedulercited by 9
- 2024Where Do Large Learning Rates Lead Us?cited by 6
- 2022Relaxed Attention for Transformer Modelscited by 5
- 2024Who Are We Missing? A Principled Approach to Characterizing the Underrepresented Populationcited by 5
- 2022IMDeception: Grouped Information Distilling Super-Resolution Networkcited by 3
- 2024A Learning Rate Path Switching Training Paradigm for Version Updates of Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2022Efficient Multi-Purpose Cross-Attention Based Image Alignment Block for Edge Devicescited by 1
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026Neural Cluster First, Route Second: Capacitated Vehicle Routing via Differentiable Optimal Transport10 May 2026
- 2026Sharp asymptotic theory for Q-learning with LDTZ learning rate and its generalization5 Apr 2026
- 2026Landscaper: Understanding Loss Landscapes Through Multi-Dimensional Topological Analysis6 Feb 2026
- 2025Mid-Training of Large Language Models: A Survey8 Oct 2025
- 2025Development of Deep Learning Optimizers: Approaches, Concepts, and Update Rules22 Sep 2025
- 2025Training Dynamics of the Cooldown Stage in Warmup-Stable-Decay Learning Rate Scheduler2 Aug 2025
- 2025Escaping The Big Data Paradigm in Self-Supervised Representation Learning25 Feb 2025
- 2025Generalization of the Gibbs algorithm with high probability at low temperatures16 Feb 2025
- 2024Where Do Large Learning Rates Lead Us?29 Oct 2024
- 2024A Learning Rate Path Switching Training Paradigm for Version Updates of Large Language Models5 Oct 2024
- 2024Randomness Helps Rigor: A Probabilistic Learning Rate Scheduler Bridging Theory and Deep Learning Practice10 Jul 2024
- 2024Sentence-Level or Token-Level? A Comprehensive Study on Knowledge Distillation23 Apr 2024
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)