A Neural Dirichlet Process Mixture Model for Task-Free Continual Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Despite the growing interest in continual learning, most of its contemporary works have been studied in a rather restricted setting where tasks are clearly distinguishable, and task boundaries are known during training. However, if our goal is to develop an algorithm that learns as humans do, this setting is far from realistic, and it is essential to develop a methodology that works in a task-free manner. Meanwhile, among several branches of continual learning, expansion-based methods have the advantage of eliminating catastrophic forgetting by allocating new resources to learn new data. In this work, we propose an expansion-based approach for task-free continual learning. Our model, named Continual Neural Dirichlet Process Mixture (CN-DPM), consists of a set of neural network experts that are in charge of a subset of the data. CN-DPM expands the number of experts in a principled way under the Bayesian nonparametric framework. With extensive experiments, we show that our model successfully performs task-free continual learning for both discriminative and generative tasks such as image classification and image generation.
Key facts. Cited by 133 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Jan 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 29; 2022: 31; 2023: 27; 2024: 25; 2025: 15; 2026: 6.
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- 2022CODA-Prompt: COntinual Decomposed Attention-based Prompting for Rehearsal-Free Continual Learningcited by 446
- 2021Online Continual Learning in Image Classification: An Empirical Surveycited by 242
- 2021Supervised Contrastive Replay: Revisiting the Nearest Class Mean Classifier in Online Class-Incremental Continual Learningcited by 140
- 2021Always Be Dreaming: A New Approach for Data-Free Class-Incremental Learningcited by 130
- 2022Toward Transparent AI: A Survey on Interpreting the Inner Structures of Deep Neural Networkscited by 126
- 2022Class-Incremental Learning by Knowledge Distillation with Adaptive Feature Consolidationcited by 113
- 2024Continual Learning and Catastrophic Forgettingcited by 73
- 2021Online Continual Learning on Class Incremental Blurry Task Configuration with Anytime Inferencecited by 66
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Forgetting in Deep Learning Beyond Continual Learningcited by 66
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- 2021Continual Learning for Real-World Autonomous Systems: Algorithms, Challenges and Frameworkscited by 56
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- 2026Unsupervised Continual Learning with Growing Self-Organizing Maps and Synthetic Replay27 Aug 2026
- 2026LargeMonitor: Monitoring Online Task-Free Continual Learning via Large Pretrained Models8 Jun 2026
- 2026Temporal Taskification in Streaming Continual Learning: A Source of Evaluation Instability23 Apr 2026
- 2026Continual Fine-Tuning with Provably Accurate and Parameter-Free Task Retrieval28 Jan 2026
- 2025Self-Motivated Growing Neural Network for Adaptive Architecture via Local Structural Plasticity14 Dec 2025
- 2025Class Incremental Continual Learning with Self-Organizing Maps and Synthetic Replay28 Aug 2025
- 2025MixLoRA-DSI: Dynamically Expandable Mixture-of-LoRA Experts for Rehearsal-Free Generative Retrieval over Dynamic Corpora14 Jul 2025
- 2025The Bayesian Approach to Continual Learning: An Overview11 Jul 2025
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