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BillSum: A Corpus for Automatic Summarization of US Legislation

arXiv 1910.00523 ↗First posted 1 Oct 2019cs.CLcited by 117

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Abstract (arXiv)

Automatic summarization methods have been studied on a variety of domains, including news and scientific articles. Yet, legislation has not previously been considered for this task, despite US Congress and state governments releasing tens of thousands of bills every year. In this paper, we introduce BillSum, the first dataset for summarization of US Congressional and California state bills (https://github.com/FiscalNote/BillSum). We explain the properties of the dataset that make it more challenging to process than other domains. Then, we benchmark extractive methods that consider neural sentence representations and traditional contextual features. Finally, we demonstrate that models built on Congressional bills can be used to summarize California bills, thus, showing that methods developed on this dataset can transfer to states without human-written summaries.

Key facts. Cited by 117 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Oct 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 20; 2023: 19; 2024: 30; 2025: 19; 2026: 16.

117 papers.

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  1. 2021SummaC: Re-Visiting NLI-based Models for Inconsistency Detection in Summarizationcited by 402
  2. 2021Efficient Attentions for Long Document Summarizationcited by 342
  3. 2021SPoT: Better Frozen Model Adaptation through Soft Prompt Transfercited by 235
  4. 2021Muppet: Massive Multi-task Representations with Pre-Finetuningcited by 192
  5. 2022Branch-Train-Merge: Embarrassingly Parallel Training of Expert Language Modelscited by 187
  6. 2023BooookScore: A systematic exploration of book-length summarization in the era of LLMscited by 137
  7. 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Process-Oriented Automatic Text Summarization with Exploration of LLM-Based Methodscited by 101
  8. 2023LongEval: Guidelines for Human Evaluation of Faithfulness in Long-form Summarizationcited by 96
  9. 2023MeetingBank: A Benchmark Dataset for Meeting Summarizationcited by 81
  10. 2021Planning with Learned Entity Prompts for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 75
  11. 2022An Empirical Survey on Long Document Summarization: Datasets, Models and Metricscited by 74
  12. 2023RewriteLM: An Instruction-Tuned Large Language Model for Text Rewritingcited by 67
38 more
  1. 2022ECTSum: A New Benchmark Dataset For Bullet Point Summarization of Long Earnings Call Transcriptscited by 59
  2. 2022Legal Prompt Engineering for Multilingual Legal Judgement Predictioncited by 54
  3. 2024A Systematic Survey of Text Summarization: From Statistical Methods to Large Language Modelscited by 52
  4. 2022Multi-LexSum: Real-World Summaries of Civil Rights Lawsuits at Multiple Granularitiescited by 47
  5. 2023LongForm: Effective Instruction Tuning with Reverse Instructionscited by 47
  6. 2022EUR-Lex-Sum: A Multi- and Cross-lingual Dataset for Long-form Summarization in the Legal Domaincited by 39
  7. 2021DYLE: Dynamic Latent Extraction for Abstractive Long-Input Summarizationcited by 34
  8. 2021An Exploratory Study on Long Dialogue Summarization: What Works and What's Nextcited by 28
  9. 2024Constructing Domain-Specific Evaluation Sets for LLM-as-a-judgecited by 28
  10. 2024Is It Really Long Context if All You Need Is Retrieval? Towards Genuinely Difficult Long Context NLPcited by 27
  11. 2022How Far are We from Robust Long Abstractive Summarization?cited by 25
  12. 2024Prompt Leakage effect and defense strategies for multi-turn LLM interactionscited by 23
  13. 2021RetrievalSum: A Retrieval Enhanced Framework for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 19
  14. 2024Data Contamination Report from the 2024 CONDA Shared Taskcited by 19
  15. 2021Can Transformer Models Measure Coherence In Text? Re-Thinking the Shuffle Testcited by 17
  16. 2022ClassActionPrediction: A Challenging Benchmark for Legal Judgment Prediction of Class Action Cases in the UScited by 17
  17. 2022UniSumm and SummZoo: Unified Model and Diverse Benchmark for Few-Shot Summarizationcited by 15
  18. 2023Walking a Tightrope -- Evaluating Large Language Models in High-Risk Domainscited by 15
  19. 2021Meta-Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Abstractive Summarizationcited by 14
  20. 2022Make The Most of Prior Data: A Solution for Interactive Text Summarization with Preference Feedbackcited by 13
  21. 2022BudgetLongformer: Can we Cheaply Pretrain a SotA Legal Language Model From Scratch?cited by 13
  22. 2024Pruning as a Domain-specific LLM Extractorcited by 12
  23. 2021TLDR9+: A Large Scale Resource for Extreme Summarization of Social Media Postscited by 10
  24. 2021Robust Deep Reinforcement Learning for Extractive Legal Summarizationcited by 10
  25. 2024Evaluating the Factuality of Zero-shot Summarizers Across Varied Domainscited by 10
  26. 2024LawInstruct: A Resource for Studying Language Model Adaptation to the Legal Domaincited by 10
  27. 2023Can LMs Generalize to Future Data? An Empirical Analysis on Text Summarizationcited by 9
  28. 2023Legal Extractive Summarization of U.S. Court Opinionscited by 9
  29. 2024Turning Generative Models Degenerate: The Power of Data Poisoning Attackscited by 9
  30. 2025Benchmarking LLMs for Political Science: A United Nations Perspectivecited by 9
  31. 2022OTExtSum: Extractive Text Summarisation with Optimal Transportcited by 8
  32. 2022Computing and Exploiting Document Structure to Improve Unsupervised Extractive Summarization of Legal Case Decisionscited by 8
  33. 2023Translating Legalese: Enhancing Public Understanding of Court Opinions with Legal Summarizerscited by 8
  34. 2024Understanding Large Language Model Behaviors through Interactive Counterfactual Generation and Analysiscited by 8
  35. 2024OpenDebateEvidence: A Massive-Scale Argument Mining and Summarization Datasetcited by 8
  36. 2023An Analysis of Abstractive Text Summarization Using Pre-trained Modelscited by 7
  37. 2024Flexible and Adaptable Summarization via Expertise Separationcited by 7
  38. 2024LexSumm and LexT5: Benchmarking and Modeling Legal Summarization Tasks in Englishcited by 7

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