mlsanityData to 13 Oct 2026

Can Transformer Models Measure Coherence In Text? Re-Thinking the Shuffle Test

arXiv 2107.03448 ↗First posted 7 Jul 2021cs.CLcited by 17

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

The Shuffle Test is the most common task to evaluate whether NLP models can measure coherence in text. Most recent work uses direct supervision on the task; we show that by simply finetuning a RoBERTa model, we can achieve a near perfect accuracy of 97.8%, a state-of-the-art. We argue that this outstanding performance is unlikely to lead to a good model of text coherence, and suggest that the Shuffle Test should be approached in a Zero-Shot setting: models should be evaluated without being trained on the task itself. We evaluate common models in this setting, such as Generative and Bi-directional Transformers, and find that larger architectures achieve high-performance out-of-the-box. Finally, we suggest the k-Block Shuffle Test, a modification of the original by increasing the size of blocks shuffled. Even though human reader performance remains high (around 95% accuracy), model performance drops from 94% to 78% as block size increases, creating a conceptually simple challenge to benchmark NLP models. Code available: https://github.com/tingofurro/shuffle_test/

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Jul 2021.

Builds on

14 of 26 references.

References · 14

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,304
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,320
  3. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,322
  4. 2020Longformer: The Long-Document Transformercited by 3,393
  5. 2018Deep contextualized word representationscited by 2,286
  6. 2020Big Bird: Transformers for Longer Sequencescited by 1,681
  7. 2020Reformer: The Efficient Transformercited by 1,662
  8. 2019PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 1,100
  9. 2017A Deep Reinforced Model for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 364
  10. 2019BillSum: A Corpus for Automatic Summarization of US Legislationcited by 117
  11. 2018Abstractive Summarization of Reddit Posts with Multi-level Memory Networkscited by 102
  12. 2019A Unified Neural Coherence Modelcited by 19
2 more
  1. 2018Coherence Modeling of Asynchronous Conversations: A Neural Entity Grid Approachcited by 14
  2. 2020Rethinking Coherence Modeling: Synthetic vs. Downstream Taskscited by 3

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 7; 2024: 2; 2025: 3.

17 papers.

Sort:

  1. 2023HelpSteer: Multi-attribute Helpfulness Dataset for SteerLMcited by 141
  2. 2022DiscoScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT and Discourse Coherencecited by 36
  3. 2023In-context Learning as Maintaining Coherency: A Study of On-the-fly Machine Translation Using Large Language Modelscited by 10
  4. 2024Unlocking Structure Measuring: Introducing PDD, an Automatic Metric for Positional Discourse Coherencecited by 7
  5. 2024Creativity in AI: Progresses and Challengescited by 7
  6. 2023Combat AI With AI: Counteract Machine-Generated Fake Restaurant Reviews on Social Mediacited by 5
  7. 2022How to Find Strong Summary Coherence Measures? A Toolbox and a Comparative Study for Summary Coherence Measure Evaluationcited by 4
  8. 2023A Novel Computational and Modeling Foundation for Automatic Coherence Assessmentcited by 4
  9. 2023A Digital Language Coherence Marker for Monitoring Dementiacited by 4
  10. 2023BBScore: A Brownian Bridge Based Metric for Assessing Text Coherencecited by 4
  11. 2022GisPy: A Tool for Measuring Gist Inference Score in Textcited by 2
  12. 2025Joint Modeling of Entities and Discourse Relations for Coherence Assessmentcited by 2
5 more
  1. 2022Imagined versus Remembered Stories: Quantifying Differences in Narrative Flowcited by 1
  2. 2022An Application of Pseudo-Log-Likelihoods to Natural Language Scoringcited by 1
  3. 2023Enhancing Coherence of Extractive Summarization with Multitask Learningcited by 1
  4. 2025Disambiguation of Emotion Annotations by Contextualizing Events in Plausible Narrativescited by 0
  5. 2025On Non-interactive Evaluation of Animal Communication Translatorscited by 0