CogniVal: A Framework for Cognitive Word Embedding Evaluation
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Abstract (arXiv)
An interesting method of evaluating word representations is by how much they reflect the semantic representations in the human brain. However, most, if not all, previous works only focus on small datasets and a single modality. In this paper, we present the first multi-modal framework for evaluating English word representations based on cognitive lexical semantics. Six types of word embeddings are evaluated by fitting them to 15 datasets of eye-tracking, EEG and fMRI signals recorded during language processing. To achieve a global score over all evaluation hypotheses, we apply statistical significance testing accounting for the multiple comparisons problem. This framework is easily extensible and available to include other intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation methods. We find strong correlations in the results between cognitive datasets, across recording modalities and to their performance on extrinsic NLP tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 8; 2023: 6; 2024: 6; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
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- 2021Open Vocabulary Electroencephalography-To-Text Decoding and Zero-shot Sentiment Classificationcited by 67
- 2022Joint processing of linguistic properties in brains and language modelscited by 37
- 2022Neural Language Taskonomy: Which NLP Tasks are the most Predictive of fMRI Brain Activity?cited by 27
- 2022Do Transformer Models Show Similar Attention Patterns to Task-Specific Human Gaze?cited by 20
- 2023Deep Neural Networks and Brain Alignment: Brain Encoding and Decoding (Survey)cited by 20
- 2021Decoding EEG Brain Activity for Multi-Modal Natural Language Processingcited by 13
- 2024Do Large Language Models Mirror Cognitive Language Processing?cited by 9
- 2024MulCogBench: A Multi-modal Cognitive Benchmark Dataset for Evaluating Chinese and English Computational Language Modelscited by 9
- 2023Mapping Brains with Language Models: A Surveycited by 8
- 2023WebQAmGaze: A Multilingual Webcam Eye-Tracking-While-Reading Datasetcited by 6
- 2021LAST at CMCL 2021 Shared Task: Predicting Gaze Data During Reading with a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree Approachcited by 5
- 2021Reading Task Classification Using EEG and Eye-Tracking Datacited by 5
15 more
- 2022Language with Vision: a Study on Grounded Word and Sentence Embeddingscited by 5
- 2023BELT:Bootstrapping Electroencephalography-to-Language Decoding and Zero-Shot Sentiment Classification by Natural Language Supervisioncited by 5
- 2024Probing the contents of semantic representations from text, behavior, and brain data using the psychNorms metabasecited by 5
- 2022Every word counts: A multilingual analysis of individual human alignment with model attentioncited by 4
- 2024Navigating Brain Language Representations: A Comparative Analysis of Neural Language Models and Psychologically Plausible Modelscited by 4
- 2024Attention-aware semantic relevance predicting Chinese sentence readingcited by 3
- 2025Prediction is not Explanation: Revisiting the Explanatory Capacity of Mapping Embeddingscited by 2
- 2022Cross-view Brain Decodingcited by 1
- 2023Syntactic Structure Processing in the Brain while Listeningcited by 1
- 2024Non-invasive Neural Decoding in Source Reconstructed Brain Spacecited by 1
- 2021Evaluating Word Embeddings with Categorical Modularitycited by 0
- 2022How direct is the link between words and images?cited by 0
- 2022Changes from Classical Statistics to Modern Statistics and Data Sciencecited by 0
- 2023Bridging Natural Language Processing and Psycholinguistics: computationally grounded semantic similarity datasets for Basque and Spanishcited by 0
- 2026Riding Brainwaves in LLM Space: Understanding Activation Patterns Using Individual Neural Signaturescited by 0
- 2026Riding Brainwaves in LLM Space: Understanding Activation Patterns Using Individual Neural Signatures23 Mar 2026
- 2025Prediction is not Explanation: Revisiting the Explanatory Capacity of Mapping Embeddings19 Aug 2025
- 2024Probing the contents of semantic representations from text, behavior, and brain data using the psychNorms metabase6 Dec 2024
- 2024Non-invasive Neural Decoding in Source Reconstructed Brain Space20 Oct 2024
- 2024Navigating Brain Language Representations: A Comparative Analysis of Neural Language Models and Psychologically Plausible Models30 Apr 2024
- 2024Attention-aware semantic relevance predicting Chinese sentence reading27 Mar 2024
- 2024MulCogBench: A Multi-modal Cognitive Benchmark Dataset for Evaluating Chinese and English Computational Language Models2 Mar 2024
- 2024Do Large Language Models Mirror Cognitive Language Processing?28 Feb 2024
- 2023BELT:Bootstrapping Electroencephalography-to-Language Decoding and Zero-Shot Sentiment Classification by Natural Language Supervision21 Sep 2023
- 2023Deep Neural Networks and Brain Alignment: Brain Encoding and Decoding (Survey)17 Jul 2023
- 2023Mapping Brains with Language Models: A Survey8 Jun 2023
- 2023Bridging Natural Language Processing and Psycholinguistics: computationally grounded semantic similarity datasets for Basque and Spanish19 Apr 2023
15 more
- 2023WebQAmGaze: A Multilingual Webcam Eye-Tracking-While-Reading Dataset31 Mar 2023
- 2023Syntactic Structure Processing in the Brain while Listening16 Feb 2023
- 2022Joint processing of linguistic properties in brains and language models15 Dec 2022
- 2022Changes from Classical Statistics to Modern Statistics and Data Science30 Oct 2022
- 2022Every word counts: A multilingual analysis of individual human alignment with model attention5 Oct 2022
- 2022How direct is the link between words and images?30 Jun 2022
- 2022Language with Vision: a Study on Grounded Word and Sentence Embeddings17 Jun 2022
- 2022Neural Language Taskonomy: Which NLP Tasks are the most Predictive of fMRI Brain Activity?3 May 2022
- 2022Do Transformer Models Show Similar Attention Patterns to Task-Specific Human Gaze?25 Apr 2022
- 2022Cross-view Brain Decoding18 Apr 2022
- 2021Reading Task Classification Using EEG and Eye-Tracking Data12 Dec 2021
- 2021Open Vocabulary Electroencephalography-To-Text Decoding and Zero-shot Sentiment Classification5 Dec 2021
- 2021Evaluating Word Embeddings with Categorical Modularity2 Jun 2021
- 2021LAST at CMCL 2021 Shared Task: Predicting Gaze Data During Reading with a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree Approach27 Apr 2021
- 2021Decoding EEG Brain Activity for Multi-Modal Natural Language Processing17 Feb 2021
- 2021Open Vocabulary Electroencephalography-To-Text Decoding and Zero-shot Sentiment Classificationcited by 67
- 2022Joint processing of linguistic properties in brains and language modelscited by 37
- 2022Neural Language Taskonomy: Which NLP Tasks are the most Predictive of fMRI Brain Activity?cited by 27
- 2022Do Transformer Models Show Similar Attention Patterns to Task-Specific Human Gaze?cited by 20
- 2023Deep Neural Networks and Brain Alignment: Brain Encoding and Decoding (Survey)cited by 20
- 2021Decoding EEG Brain Activity for Multi-Modal Natural Language Processingcited by 13
- 2024MulCogBench: A Multi-modal Cognitive Benchmark Dataset for Evaluating Chinese and English Computational Language Modelscited by 9
- 2023Mapping Brains with Language Models: A Surveycited by 8
- 2023WebQAmGaze: A Multilingual Webcam Eye-Tracking-While-Reading Datasetcited by 6
- 2021LAST at CMCL 2021 Shared Task: Predicting Gaze Data During Reading with a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree Approachcited by 5
- 2021Reading Task Classification Using EEG and Eye-Tracking Datacited by 5
- 2022Language with Vision: a Study on Grounded Word and Sentence Embeddingscited by 5
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026Riding Brainwaves in LLM Space: Understanding Activation Patterns Using Individual Neural Signatures23 Mar 2026
- 2025Prediction is not Explanation: Revisiting the Explanatory Capacity of Mapping Embeddings19 Aug 2025
- 2024Probing the contents of semantic representations from text, behavior, and brain data using the psychNorms metabase6 Dec 2024
- 2024Non-invasive Neural Decoding in Source Reconstructed Brain Space20 Oct 2024
- 2024Navigating Brain Language Representations: A Comparative Analysis of Neural Language Models and Psychologically Plausible Models30 Apr 2024
- 2024Attention-aware semantic relevance predicting Chinese sentence reading27 Mar 2024
- 2024MulCogBench: A Multi-modal Cognitive Benchmark Dataset for Evaluating Chinese and English Computational Language Models2 Mar 2024
- 2023BELT:Bootstrapping Electroencephalography-to-Language Decoding and Zero-Shot Sentiment Classification by Natural Language Supervision21 Sep 2023
- 2023Deep Neural Networks and Brain Alignment: Brain Encoding and Decoding (Survey)17 Jul 2023
- 2023Mapping Brains with Language Models: A Survey8 Jun 2023
- 2023Bridging Natural Language Processing and Psycholinguistics: computationally grounded semantic similarity datasets for Basque and Spanish19 Apr 2023
- 2023WebQAmGaze: A Multilingual Webcam Eye-Tracking-While-Reading Dataset31 Mar 2023
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)