Neural Cognitive Diagnosis for Intelligent Education Systems
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Abstract (arXiv)
Cognitive diagnosis is a fundamental issue in intelligent education, which aims to discover the proficiency level of students on specific knowledge concepts. Existing approaches usually mine linear interactions of student exercising process by manual-designed function (e.g., logistic function), which is not sufficient for capturing complex relations between students and exercises. In this paper, we propose a general Neural Cognitive Diagnosis (NeuralCD) framework, which incorporates neural networks to learn the complex exercising interactions, for getting both accurate and interpretable diagnosis results. Specifically, we project students and exercises to factor vectors and leverage multi neural layers for modeling their interactions, where the monotonicity assumption is applied to ensure the interpretability of both factors. Furthermore, we propose two implementations of NeuralCD by specializing the required concepts of each exercise, i.e., the NeuralCDM with traditional Q-matrix and the improved NeuralCDM+ exploring the rich text content. Extensive experimental results on real-world datasets show the effectiveness of NeuralCD framework with both accuracy and interpretability.
Key facts. Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 23 Aug 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 5; 2023: 18; 2024: 19; 2025: 16; 2026: 11.
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- 2022Knowledge Tracing: A Surveycited by 76
- 2022pyKT: A Python Library to Benchmark Deep Learning based Knowledge Tracing Modelscited by 50
- 2023simpleKT: A Simple But Tough-to-Beat Baseline for Knowledge Tracingcited by 44
- 2025IRT-Router: Effective and Interpretable Multi-LLM Routing via Item Response Theorycited by 40
- 2023Improving Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Models with Question-centric Cognitive Representationscited by 32
- 2024Bringing Generative AI to Adaptive Learning in Educationcited by 24
- 2023Enhancing Deep Knowledge Tracing with Auxiliary Taskscited by 23
- 2021BOBCAT: Bilevel Optimization-Based Computerized Adaptive Testingcited by 22
- 2021Quality meets Diversity: A Model-Agnostic Framework for Computerized Adaptive Testingcited by 17
- 2024Raising the Bar: Investigating the Values of Large Language Models via Generative Evolving Testingcited by 17
- 2023Zero-1-to-3: Domain-level Zero-shot Cognitive Diagnosis via One Batch of Early-bird Students towards Three Diagnostic Objectivescited by 15
- 2024Inductive Cognitive Diagnosis for Fast Student Learning in Web-Based Online Intelligent Education Systemscited by 15
38 more
- 2022Self-supervised Graph Learning for Long-tailed Cognitive Diagnosiscited by 13
- 2021Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional Knowledge Tracingcited by 12
- 2024Endowing Interpretability for Neural Cognitive Diagnosis by Efficient Kolmogorov-Arnold Networkscited by 12
- 2021Option Tracing: Beyond Correctness Analysis in Knowledge Tracingcited by 11
- 2023MoocRadar: A Fine-grained and Multi-aspect Knowledge Repository for Improving Cognitive Student Modeling in MOOCscited by 11
- 2023STRAP: Structured Object Affordance Segmentation with Point Supervisioncited by 10
- 2025Knowledge is Power: Harnessing Large Language Models for Enhanced Cognitive Diagnosiscited by 10
- 2023Towards Goal-oriented Intelligent Tutoring Systems in Online Educationcited by 7
- 2023Enhancing Cognitive Diagnosis using Un-interacted Exercises: A Collaboration-aware Mixed Sampling Approachcited by 7
- 2023Symbolic Cognitive Diagnosis via Hybrid Optimization for Intelligent Education Systemscited by 7
- 2024A Survey of Models for Cognitive Diagnosis: New Developments and Future Directionscited by 7
- 2023Knowledge Graph Enhanced Intelligent Tutoring System Based on Exercise Representativeness and Informativenesscited by 6
- 2023ReliCD: A Reliable Cognitive Diagnosis Framework with Confidence Awarenesscited by 6
- 2024Survey of Computerized Adaptive Testing: A Machine Learning Perspectivecited by 6
- 2024ORCDF: An Oversmoothing-Resistant Cognitive Diagnosis Framework for Student Learning in Online Education Systemscited by 6
- 2023Counterfactual Monotonic Knowledge Tracing for Assessing Students' Dynamic Mastery of Knowledge Conceptscited by 5
- 2024A Question-centric Multi-experts Contrastive Learning Framework for Improving the Accuracy and Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Modelscited by 5
- 2024Knowledge Tagging with Large Language Model based Multi-Agent Systemcited by 5
- 2025Beyond Single-Value Metrics: Evaluating and Enhancing LLM Unlearning with Cognitive Diagnosiscited by 5
- 2023Interpretable Knowledge Tracing via Response Influence-based Counterfactual Reasoningcited by 4
- 2024A Review of Data Mining in Personalized Education: Current Trends and Future Prospectscited by 4
- 2024Path-Specific Causal Reasoning for Fairness-aware Cognitive Diagnosiscited by 4
- 2024DisenGCD: A Meta Multigraph-assisted Disentangled Graph Learning Framework for Cognitive Diagnosiscited by 4
- 2022Towards a General Pre-training Framework for Adaptive Learning in MOOCscited by 3
- 2024Collaborative Cognitive Diagnosis with Disentangled Representation Learning for Learner Modelingcited by 3
- 2023Designing Novel Cognitive Diagnosis Models via Evolutionary Multi-Objective Neural Architecture Searchcited by 2
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Deep Learning Techniques in Educational Data Miningcited by 2
- 2024Exploring Heterogeneity and Uncertainty for Graph-based Cognitive Diagnosis Models in Intelligent Educationcited by 2
- 2024Domain Generalizable Knowledge Tracing via Concept Aggregation and Relation-Based Attentioncited by 2
- 2024DISCO: A Hierarchical Disentangled Cognitive Diagnosis Framework for Interpretable Job Recommendationcited by 2
- 2024A Dual-Fusion Cognitive Diagnosis Framework for Open Student Learning Environmentscited by 2
- 2025FedCD: A Fairness-aware Federated Cognitive Diagnosis Frameworkcited by 2
- 2025DiaCDM: Cognitive Diagnosis in Teacher-Student Dialogues using the Initiation-Response-Evaluation Frameworkcited by 2
- 2026Edu-Theater: A Data-Efficient Agent Framework for Scalable Learner Behavior Simulation through Staging Roll-Callcited by 2
- 2021Graph-based Exercise- and Knowledge-Aware Learning Network for Student Performance Predictioncited by 1
- 2021Exploring Student Representation For Neural Cognitive Diagnosiscited by 1
- 2023DKT-STDRL: Spatial and Temporal Representation Learning Enhanced Deep Knowledge Tracing for Learning Performance Predictioncited by 1
- 2023Quiz-based Knowledge Tracingcited by 1
50 most cited of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2026SkillFocus: Evolving Agent Skills via Capability Decomposition28 Sep 2026
- 2026Ability-Residual Decoupled Modeling for Affective Cognitive Diagnosis18 Sep 2026
- 2026Privacy-Preserving Heterogeneous Multi-LLM Federated Inference for Cognitive Diagnosis1 Sep 2026
- 2026UNVaMP: Neural Knowledge Tracing with Variational Regularization of Latent Knowledge Dynamics4 Aug 2026
- 2026Edu-Theater: A Data-Efficient Agent Framework for Scalable Learner Behavior Simulation through Staging Roll-Call13 Jun 2026
- 2026Embedding Enhancement via Fine-Tuned Language Models for Learner-Item Cognitive Modeling5 Apr 2026
- 2026A Framework for Human-AI Q-Matrix Refinement: A NeuralCDM Evaluation30 Mar 2026
- 2026SLOW: Strategic Logical-inference Open Workspace for Cognitive Adaptation in AI Tutoring30 Mar 2026
- 2026ConceptKT: A Benchmark for Concept-Level Deficiency Prediction in Knowledge Tracing25 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards LLM-Empowered Knowledge Tracing via LLM-Student Hierarchical Behavior Alignment in Hyperbolic Space26 Feb 2026
- 2026Breaking Robustness Barriers in Cognitive Diagnosis: A One-Shot Neural Architecture Search Perspective8 Jan 2026
- 2025PEOAT: Personalization-Guided Evolutionary Question Assembly for One-Shot Adaptive Testing29 Nov 2025
38 more
- 2025P-MIA: A Profiled-Based Membership Inference Attack on Cognitive Diagnosis Models6 Nov 2025
- 2025PrivacyCD: Hierarchical Unlearning for Protecting Student Privacy in Cognitive Diagnosis6 Nov 2025
- 2025A Closed-Loop Personalized Learning Agent Integrating Neural Cognitive Diagnosis, Bounded-Ability Adaptive Testing, and LLM-Driven Feedback26 Oct 2025
- 2025Harnessing LLM for Noise-Robust Cognitive Diagnosis in Web-Based Intelligent Education Systems5 Oct 2025
- 2025DiaCDM: Cognitive Diagnosis in Teacher-Student Dialogues using the Initiation-Response-Evaluation Framework29 Sep 2025
- 2025Cognitive Structure Generation: From Educational Priors to Policy Optimization18 Aug 2025
- 2025FedCD: A Fairness-aware Federated Cognitive Diagnosis Framework2 Aug 2025
- 2025A Forced-Choice Neural Cognitive Diagnostic Model of Personality Testing20 Jul 2025
- 2025IRT-Router: Effective and Interpretable Multi-LLM Routing via Item Response Theory1 Jun 2025
- 2025A Unified LLM-Adaptable Framework for Cold-Start Cognitive Diagnosis27 May 2025
- 2025LLM4CD: Leveraging Large Language Models for Open-World Knowledge Augmented Cognitive Diagnosis14 May 2025
- 2025Beyond Single-Value Metrics: Evaluating and Enhancing LLM Unlearning with Cognitive Diagnosis19 Feb 2025
- 2025Knowledge is Power: Harnessing Large Language Models for Enhanced Cognitive Diagnosis8 Feb 2025
- 2025Language Representation Favored Zero-Shot Cross-Domain Cognitive Diagnosis18 Jan 2025
- 2025CDS: Knowledge Component-Driven Data Synthesis Guided by Cognitive Diagnosis Theory13 Jan 2025
- 2024Diffusion-Inspired Cold Start with Sufficient Prior in Computerized Adaptive Testing19 Nov 2024
- 2024Collaborative Cognitive Diagnosis with Disentangled Representation Learning for Learner Modeling4 Nov 2024
- 2024DisenGCD: A Meta Multigraph-assisted Disentangled Graph Learning Framework for Cognitive Diagnosis23 Oct 2024
- 2024A Dual-Fusion Cognitive Diagnosis Framework for Open Student Learning Environments19 Oct 2024
- 2024DISCO: A Hierarchical Disentangled Cognitive Diagnosis Framework for Interpretable Job Recommendation10 Oct 2024
- 2024Knowledge Tagging with Large Language Model based Multi-Agent System12 Sep 2024
- 2024A Survey of Models for Cognitive Diagnosis: New Developments and Future Directions7 Jul 2024
- 2024Domain Generalizable Knowledge Tracing via Concept Aggregation and Relation-Based Attention2 Jul 2024
- 2024ORCDF: An Oversmoothing-Resistant Cognitive Diagnosis Framework for Student Learning in Online Education Systems28 Jun 2024
- 2024Raising the Bar: Investigating the Values of Large Language Models via Generative Evolving Testing20 Jun 2024
- 2024Path-Specific Causal Reasoning for Fairness-aware Cognitive Diagnosis5 Jun 2024
- 2024Endowing Interpretability for Neural Cognitive Diagnosis by Efficient Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks23 May 2024
- 2024Inductive Cognitive Diagnosis for Fast Student Learning in Web-Based Online Intelligent Education Systems17 Apr 2024
- 2024Survey of Computerized Adaptive Testing: A Machine Learning Perspective31 Mar 2024
- 2024A Question-centric Multi-experts Contrastive Learning Framework for Improving the Accuracy and Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Models12 Mar 2024
- 2024Unified Uncertainty Estimation for Cognitive Diagnosis Models9 Mar 2024
- 2024A Review of Data Mining in Personalized Education: Current Trends and Future Prospects27 Feb 2024
- 2024Exploring Heterogeneity and Uncertainty for Graph-based Cognitive Diagnosis Models in Intelligent Education15 Feb 2024
- 2024Bringing Generative AI to Adaptive Learning in Education2 Feb 2024
- 2023Symbolic Cognitive Diagnosis via Hybrid Optimization for Intelligent Education Systems30 Dec 2023
- 2023ReliCD: A Reliable Cognitive Diagnosis Framework with Confidence Awareness29 Dec 2023
- 2023Zero-1-to-3: Domain-level Zero-shot Cognitive Diagnosis via One Batch of Early-bird Students towards Three Diagnostic Objectives20 Dec 2023
- 2023Enhancing Cognitive Diagnosis using Un-interacted Exercises: A Collaboration-aware Mixed Sampling Approach15 Dec 2023
50 newest of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2024Knowledge Tagging with Large Language Model based Multi-Agent Systemcited by 5
- 2026Edu-Theater: A Data-Efficient Agent Framework for Scalable Learner Behavior Simulation through Staging Roll-Callcited by 2
- 2025A Closed-Loop Personalized Learning Agent Integrating Neural Cognitive Diagnosis, Bounded-Ability Adaptive Testing, and LLM-Driven Feedbackcited by 0
- 2026SkillFocus: Evolving Agent Skills via Capability Decompositioncited by 0
- 2026SkillFocus: Evolving Agent Skills via Capability Decomposition28 Sep 2026
- 2026Edu-Theater: A Data-Efficient Agent Framework for Scalable Learner Behavior Simulation through Staging Roll-Call13 Jun 2026
- 2025A Closed-Loop Personalized Learning Agent Integrating Neural Cognitive Diagnosis, Bounded-Ability Adaptive Testing, and LLM-Driven Feedback26 Oct 2025
- 2024Knowledge Tagging with Large Language Model based Multi-Agent System12 Sep 2024
- 2025Beyond Single-Value Metrics: Evaluating and Enhancing LLM Unlearning with Cognitive Diagnosiscited by 5
- 2025PrivacyCD: Hierarchical Unlearning for Protecting Student Privacy in Cognitive Diagnosiscited by 1
- 2025P-MIA: A Profiled-Based Membership Inference Attack on Cognitive Diagnosis Modelscited by 1
- 2025P-MIA: A Profiled-Based Membership Inference Attack on Cognitive Diagnosis Models6 Nov 2025
- 2025PrivacyCD: Hierarchical Unlearning for Protecting Student Privacy in Cognitive Diagnosis6 Nov 2025
- 2025Beyond Single-Value Metrics: Evaluating and Enhancing LLM Unlearning with Cognitive Diagnosis19 Feb 2025
- 2022Knowledge Tracing: A Surveycited by 76
- 2022pyKT: A Python Library to Benchmark Deep Learning based Knowledge Tracing Modelscited by 50
- 2023simpleKT: A Simple But Tough-to-Beat Baseline for Knowledge Tracingcited by 44
- 2025IRT-Router: Effective and Interpretable Multi-LLM Routing via Item Response Theorycited by 40
- 2023Improving Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Models with Question-centric Cognitive Representationscited by 32
- 2023Enhancing Deep Knowledge Tracing with Auxiliary Taskscited by 23
- 2021BOBCAT: Bilevel Optimization-Based Computerized Adaptive Testingcited by 22
- 2021Quality meets Diversity: A Model-Agnostic Framework for Computerized Adaptive Testingcited by 17
- 2024Raising the Bar: Investigating the Values of Large Language Models via Generative Evolving Testingcited by 17
- 2023Zero-1-to-3: Domain-level Zero-shot Cognitive Diagnosis via One Batch of Early-bird Students towards Three Diagnostic Objectivescited by 15
- 2024Inductive Cognitive Diagnosis for Fast Student Learning in Web-Based Online Intelligent Education Systemscited by 15
- 2022Self-supervised Graph Learning for Long-tailed Cognitive Diagnosiscited by 13
12 most cited of 64 All 64 (JSON)
- 2026Ability-Residual Decoupled Modeling for Affective Cognitive Diagnosis18 Sep 2026
- 2026Privacy-Preserving Heterogeneous Multi-LLM Federated Inference for Cognitive Diagnosis1 Sep 2026
- 2026UNVaMP: Neural Knowledge Tracing with Variational Regularization of Latent Knowledge Dynamics4 Aug 2026
- 2026Embedding Enhancement via Fine-Tuned Language Models for Learner-Item Cognitive Modeling5 Apr 2026
- 2026A Framework for Human-AI Q-Matrix Refinement: A NeuralCDM Evaluation30 Mar 2026
- 2026SLOW: Strategic Logical-inference Open Workspace for Cognitive Adaptation in AI Tutoring30 Mar 2026
- 2026ConceptKT: A Benchmark for Concept-Level Deficiency Prediction in Knowledge Tracing25 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards LLM-Empowered Knowledge Tracing via LLM-Student Hierarchical Behavior Alignment in Hyperbolic Space26 Feb 2026
- 2026Breaking Robustness Barriers in Cognitive Diagnosis: A One-Shot Neural Architecture Search Perspective8 Jan 2026
- 2025PEOAT: Personalization-Guided Evolutionary Question Assembly for One-Shot Adaptive Testing29 Nov 2025
- 2025DiaCDM: Cognitive Diagnosis in Teacher-Student Dialogues using the Initiation-Response-Evaluation Framework29 Sep 2025
- 2025Cognitive Structure Generation: From Educational Priors to Policy Optimization18 Aug 2025
12 newest of 64 All 64 (JSON)