mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Integrating Spatial Configuration into Heatmap Regression Based CNNs for Landmark Localization

arXiv 1908.00748 ↗First posted 2 Aug 2019eess.IV cs.CVcited by 77

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Abstract (arXiv)

In many medical image analysis applications, often only a limited amount of training data is available, which makes training of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) challenging. In this work on anatomical landmark localization, we propose a CNN architecture that learns to split the localization task into two simpler sub-problems, reducing the need for large training datasets. Our fully convolutional SpatialConfiguration-Net (SCN) dedicates one component to locally accurate but ambiguous candidate predictions, while the other component improves robustness to ambiguities by incorporating the spatial configuration of landmarks. In our experimental evaluation, we show that the proposed SCN outperforms related methods in terms of landmark localization error on size-limited datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 77 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Aug 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 20; 2022: 12; 2023: 13; 2024: 12; 2025: 13; 2026: 7.

77 papers.

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  1. 2022Transforming medical imaging with Transformers? A comparative review of key properties, current progresses, and future perspectivescited by 32
  2. 2023A comprehensive survey on deep active learning in medical image analysiscited by 32
  3. 2021One-Shot Medical Landmark Detectioncited by 31
  4. 2021You Only Learn Once: Universal Anatomical Landmark Detectioncited by 29
  5. 2021Two-Stage Mesh Deep Learning for Automated Tooth Segmentation and Landmark Localization on 3D Intraoral Scanscited by 23
  6. 2021Recalibration of Aleatoric and Epistemic Regression Uncertainty in Medical Imagingcited by 18
  7. 2021Which images to label for few-shot medical landmark detection?cited by 16
  8. 2021Mutually improved endoscopic image synthesis and landmark detection in unpaired image-to-image translationcited by 15
  9. 2022Light-weight spatio-temporal graphs for segmentation and ejection fraction prediction in cardiac ultrasoundcited by 15
  10. 2021Semi-supervised Anatomical Landmark Detection via Shape-regulated Self-trainingcited by 11
  11. 2024Cephalometric Landmark Detection across Ages with Prototypical Networkcited by 10
  12. 2023UOD: Universal One-shot Detection of Anatomical Landmarkscited by 9
38 more
  1. 2022DATR: Domain-adaptive transformer for multi-domain landmark detectioncited by 8
  2. 2022Interpretable Vertebral Fracture Quantification via Anchor-Free Landmarks Localizationcited by 8
  3. 2022One-Shot Medical Landmark Localization by Edge-Guided Transform and Noisy Landmark Refinementcited by 8
  4. 2021Cutting-edge 3D Medical Image Segmentation Methods in 2020: Are Happy Families All Alike?cited by 7
  5. 2021Learn Fine-grained Adaptive Loss for Multiple Anatomical Landmark Detection in Medical Imagescited by 6
  6. 2021Modeling Annotation Uncertainty with Gaussian Heatmaps in Landmark Localizationcited by 6
  7. 2022Uncertainty Estimation for Heatmap-based Landmark Localizationcited by 6
  8. 2023Revisiting Cephalometric Landmark Detection from the view of Human Pose Estimation with Lightweight Super-Resolution Headcited by 6
  9. 2022Structure-Guided Self-Supervised Matching for One-Shot Medical Landmark Detectioncited by 5
  10. 2023Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Anatomical Landmark Detectioncited by 5
  11. 2021An ordinal CNN approach for the assessment of neurological damage in Parkinson's disease patientscited by 4
  12. 2021Feature Aggregation and Refinement Network for 2D AnatomicalLandmark Detectioncited by 4
  13. 2021Point detection through multi-instance deep heatmap regression for sutures in endoscopycited by 4
  14. 2022Morphology-Aware Interactive Keypoint Estimationcited by 4
  15. 2022Information-guided pixel augmentation for pixel-wise contrastive learningcited by 4
  16. 2024Is in-domain data beneficial in transfer learning for landmarks detection in x-ray images?cited by 4
  17. 2024FM-OSD: Foundation Model-Enabled One-Shot Detection of Anatomical Landmarkscited by 4
  18. 2025H3DE-Net: Efficient and Accurate 3D Landmark Detection in Medical Imagingcited by 4
  19. 2021Scalable Semi-supervised Landmark Localization for X-ray Images using Few-shot Deep Adaptive Graphcited by 3
  20. 2021Efficient Multi-Organ Segmentation Using SpatialConfiguration-Net with Low GPU Memory Requirementscited by 3
  21. 2024Rethinking Self-training for Semi-supervised Landmark Detection: A Selection-free Approachcited by 3
  22. 2025landmarker: a Toolkit for Anatomical Landmark Localization in 2D/3D Imagescited by 3
  23. 2021Structure-Aware Long Short-Term Memory Network for 3D Cephalometric Landmark Detectioncited by 2
  24. 2021Facial Anatomical Landmark Detection using Regularized Transfer Learning with Application to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Recognitioncited by 2
  25. 2023Uncertainty-aware U-Net for Medical Landmark Detectioncited by 2
  26. 2023CaRe-CNN: Cascading Refinement CNN for Myocardial Infarct Segmentation with Microvascular Obstructionscited by 2
  27. 2024Teeth-SEG: An Efficient Instance Segmentation Framework for Orthodontic Treatment based on Anthropic Prior Knowledgecited by 2
  28. 2024Self-supervised pre-training with diffusion model for few-shot landmark detection in x-ray imagescited by 2
  29. 2024Synthetic Augmentation for Anatomical Landmark Localization using DDPMscited by 2
  30. 2025Reliable uncertainty quantification for 2D/3D anatomical landmark localization using multi-output conformal predictioncited by 2
  31. 2025Deep Learning-based Alignment Measurement in Knee Radiographscited by 2
  32. 2025Augmentation-based Domain Generalization and Joint Training from Multiple Source Domains for Whole Heart Segmentationcited by 2
  33. 2021Automated cross-sectional view selection in CT angiography of aortic dissections with uncertainty awareness and retrospective clinical annotationscited by 1
  34. 2023Teeth Localization and Lesion Segmentation in CBCT Images using SpatialConfiguration-Net and U-Netcited by 1
  35. 2024Multi-Source and Multi-Sequence Myocardial Pathology Segmentation Using a Cascading Refinement CNNcited by 1
  36. 2024Reliability of deep learning models for anatomical landmark detection: The role of inter-rater variabilitycited by 1
  37. 2024HYATT-Net is Grand: A Hybrid Attention Network for Performant Anatomical Landmark Detectioncited by 1
  38. 2025LA-CaRe-CNN: Cascading Refinement CNN for Left Atrial Scar Segmentationcited by 1

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