mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

PhysGAN: Generating Physical-World-Resilient Adversarial Examples for Autonomous Driving

arXiv 1907.04449 ↗First posted 9 Jul 2019cs.CVcited by 72

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Abstract (arXiv)

Although Deep neural networks (DNNs) are being pervasively used in vision-based autonomous driving systems, they are found vulnerable to adversarial attacks where small-magnitude perturbations into the inputs during test time cause dramatic changes to the outputs. While most of the recent attack methods target at digital-world adversarial scenarios, it is unclear how they perform in the physical world, and more importantly, the generated perturbations under such methods would cover a whole driving scene including those fixed background imagery such as the sky, making them inapplicable to physical world implementation. We present PhysGAN, which generates physical-world-resilient adversarial examples for mislead-ing autonomous driving systems in a continuous manner. We show the effectiveness and robustness of PhysGAN via extensive digital and real-world evaluations. Digital experiments show that PhysGAN is effective for various steer-ing models and scenes, which misleads the average steer-ing angle by up to 23.06 degrees under various scenarios. The real-world studies further demonstrate that PhysGAN is sufficiently resilient in practice, which misleads the average steering angle by up to 19.17 degrees. We compare PhysGAN with a set of state-of-the-art baseline methods including several of our self-designed ones, which further demonstrate the robustness and efficacy of our approach. We also show that PhysGAN outperforms state-of-the-art baseline methods To the best of our knowledge, PhysGANis probably the first technique of generating realistic and physical-world-resilient adversarial examples for attacking common autonomous driving scenarios.

Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Jul 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 11; 2023: 14; 2024: 16; 2025: 13; 2026: 7.

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  1. 2021Advances in adversarial attacks and defenses in computer vision: A surveycited by 127
  2. 2024ChatScene: Knowledge-Enabled Safety-Critical Scenario Generation for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 92
  3. 2022Physical Adversarial Attack meets Computer Vision: A Decade Surveycited by 66
  4. 2023CAT: Closed-loop Adversarial Training for Safe End-to-End Drivingcited by 52
  5. 2021Vehicle trajectory prediction works, but not everywherecited by 39
  6. 2023Sibling-Attack: Rethinking Transferable Adversarial Attacks against Face Recognitioncited by 32
  7. 2025Towards Robust and Secure Embodied AI: A Survey on Vulnerabilities and Attackscited by 32
  8. 2024PAD: Patch-Agnostic Defense against Adversarial Patch Attackscited by 31
  9. 2021Deep Learning-Based Autonomous Driving Systems: A Survey of Attacks and Defensescited by 29
  10. 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Reviewcited by 29
  11. 2021Robust Feature-Level Adversaries are Interpretability Toolscited by 27
  12. 2022A Survey on Physical Adversarial Attack in Computer Visioncited by 24
38 more
  1. 2022SoK: On the Semantic AI Security in Autonomous Drivingcited by 22
  2. 2023Physical Adversarial Attacks For Camera-based Smart Systems: Current Trends, Categorization, Applications, Research Challenges, and Future Outlookcited by 20
  3. 2023Attacks in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Systematic Survey from the Life-cycle Perspectivecited by 19
  4. 2023Query-Efficient Decision-based Black-Box Patch Attackcited by 19
  5. 2024CLIP-Guided Generative Networks for Transferable Targeted Adversarial Attackscited by 19
  6. 2021Targeted Attack on Deep RL-based Autonomous Driving with Learned Visual Patternscited by 13
  7. 2022Feasibility of Inconspicuous GAN-generated Adversarial Patches against Object Detectioncited by 13
  8. 2025EvaDrive: Evolutionary Adversarial Policy Optimization for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 12
  9. 2021PatchCensor: Patch Robustness Certification for Transformers via Exhaustive Testingcited by 11
  10. 2022Visual Adversarial Attacks and Defenses in the Physical World: A Surveycited by 11
  11. 2022Defending From Physically-Realizable Adversarial Attacks Through Internal Over-Activation Analysiscited by 10
  12. 2021Fast Gradient Non-sign Methodscited by 9
  13. 2022CARLA-GeAR: a Dataset Generator for a Systematic Evaluation of Adversarial Robustness of Vision Modelscited by 8
  14. 2023Two is Better Than One: Digital Siblings to Improve Autonomous Driving Testingcited by 8
  15. 2023Breaking Temporal Consistency: Generating Video Universal Adversarial Perturbations Using Image Modelscited by 8
  16. 2024FLARE: Toward Universal Dataset Purification against Backdoor Attackscited by 7
  17. 2023Boosting Adversarial Transferability via Fusing Logits of Top-1 Decomposed Featurecited by 6
  18. 2024Out-of-Distribution Data: An Acquaintance of Adversarial Examples -- A Surveycited by 6
  19. 2024Understanding Model Ensemble in Transferable Adversarial Attackcited by 6
  20. 2022Scale-free and Task-agnostic Attack: Generating Photo-realistic Adversarial Patterns with Patch Quilting Generatorcited by 5
  21. 2022General Adversarial Defense Against Black-box Attacks via Pixel Level and Feature Level Distribution Alignmentscited by 4
  22. 2022Emerging Threats in Deep Learning-Based Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 3
  23. 2024High-Frequency Anti-DreamBooth: Robust Defense against Personalized Image Synthesiscited by 3
  24. 2025AdvSwap: Covert Adversarial Perturbation with High Frequency Info-swapping for Autonomous Driving Perceptioncited by 3
  25. 2021"What's in the box?!": Deflecting Adversarial Attacks by Randomly Deploying Adversarially-Disjoint Modelscited by 2
  26. 2023MIMONet: Multi-Input Multi-Output On-Device Deep Learningcited by 2
  27. 2023Self-supervised Adaptive Pre-training of Multilingual Speech Models for Language and Dialect Identificationcited by 2
  28. 2024Enhancing Adversarial Attacks via Parameter Adaptive Adversarial Attackcited by 2
  29. 2021Dual Head Adversarial Trainingcited by 1
  30. 2024MAGIC: Mastering Physical Adversarial Generation in Context through Collaborative LLM Agentscited by 1
  31. 2025Dual-Flow: Transferable Multi-Target, Instance-Agnostic Attacks via In-the-wild Cascading Flow Optimizationcited by 1
  32. 2025A Survey of Adversarial Defenses in Vision-based Systems: Categorization, Methods and Challengescited by 1
  33. 2025Adversarial Examples in Environment Perception for Automated Driving (Review)cited by 1
  34. 2025Towards Interpretable Adversarial Examples via Sparse Adversarial Attackcited by 1
  35. 2025Boosting Adversarial Transferability via Residual Perturbation Attackcited by 1
  36. 2025Guided Diffusion-based Generation of Adversarial Objects for Real-World Monocular Depth Estimation Attackscited by 1
  37. 2026Real-Time Evaluation of Autonomous Systems under Adversarial Attackscited by 1
  38. 2021PredCoin: Defense against Query-based Hard-label Attackcited by 0

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