PhysGAN: Generating Physical-World-Resilient Adversarial Examples for Autonomous Driving
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Abstract (arXiv)
Although Deep neural networks (DNNs) are being pervasively used in vision-based autonomous driving systems, they are found vulnerable to adversarial attacks where small-magnitude perturbations into the inputs during test time cause dramatic changes to the outputs. While most of the recent attack methods target at digital-world adversarial scenarios, it is unclear how they perform in the physical world, and more importantly, the generated perturbations under such methods would cover a whole driving scene including those fixed background imagery such as the sky, making them inapplicable to physical world implementation. We present PhysGAN, which generates physical-world-resilient adversarial examples for mislead-ing autonomous driving systems in a continuous manner. We show the effectiveness and robustness of PhysGAN via extensive digital and real-world evaluations. Digital experiments show that PhysGAN is effective for various steer-ing models and scenes, which misleads the average steer-ing angle by up to 23.06 degrees under various scenarios. The real-world studies further demonstrate that PhysGAN is sufficiently resilient in practice, which misleads the average steering angle by up to 19.17 degrees. We compare PhysGAN with a set of state-of-the-art baseline methods including several of our self-designed ones, which further demonstrate the robustness and efficacy of our approach. We also show that PhysGAN outperforms state-of-the-art baseline methods To the best of our knowledge, PhysGANis probably the first technique of generating realistic and physical-world-resilient adversarial examples for attacking common autonomous driving scenarios.
Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Jul 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 11; 2023: 14; 2024: 16; 2025: 13; 2026: 7.
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- 2021Advances in adversarial attacks and defenses in computer vision: A surveycited by 127
- 2024ChatScene: Knowledge-Enabled Safety-Critical Scenario Generation for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 92
- 2022Physical Adversarial Attack meets Computer Vision: A Decade Surveycited by 66
- 2023CAT: Closed-loop Adversarial Training for Safe End-to-End Drivingcited by 52
- 2021Vehicle trajectory prediction works, but not everywherecited by 39
- 2023Sibling-Attack: Rethinking Transferable Adversarial Attacks against Face Recognitioncited by 32
- 2025Towards Robust and Secure Embodied AI: A Survey on Vulnerabilities and Attackscited by 32
- 2024PAD: Patch-Agnostic Defense against Adversarial Patch Attackscited by 31
- 2021Deep Learning-Based Autonomous Driving Systems: A Survey of Attacks and Defensescited by 29
- 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Reviewcited by 29
- 2021Robust Feature-Level Adversaries are Interpretability Toolscited by 27
- 2022A Survey on Physical Adversarial Attack in Computer Visioncited by 24
38 more
- 2022SoK: On the Semantic AI Security in Autonomous Drivingcited by 22
- 2023Physical Adversarial Attacks For Camera-based Smart Systems: Current Trends, Categorization, Applications, Research Challenges, and Future Outlookcited by 20
- 2023Attacks in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Systematic Survey from the Life-cycle Perspectivecited by 19
- 2023Query-Efficient Decision-based Black-Box Patch Attackcited by 19
- 2024CLIP-Guided Generative Networks for Transferable Targeted Adversarial Attackscited by 19
- 2021Targeted Attack on Deep RL-based Autonomous Driving with Learned Visual Patternscited by 13
- 2022Feasibility of Inconspicuous GAN-generated Adversarial Patches against Object Detectioncited by 13
- 2025EvaDrive: Evolutionary Adversarial Policy Optimization for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 12
- 2021PatchCensor: Patch Robustness Certification for Transformers via Exhaustive Testingcited by 11
- 2022Visual Adversarial Attacks and Defenses in the Physical World: A Surveycited by 11
- 2022Defending From Physically-Realizable Adversarial Attacks Through Internal Over-Activation Analysiscited by 10
- 2021Fast Gradient Non-sign Methodscited by 9
- 2022CARLA-GeAR: a Dataset Generator for a Systematic Evaluation of Adversarial Robustness of Vision Modelscited by 8
- 2023Two is Better Than One: Digital Siblings to Improve Autonomous Driving Testingcited by 8
- 2023Breaking Temporal Consistency: Generating Video Universal Adversarial Perturbations Using Image Modelscited by 8
- 2024FLARE: Toward Universal Dataset Purification against Backdoor Attackscited by 7
- 2023Boosting Adversarial Transferability via Fusing Logits of Top-1 Decomposed Featurecited by 6
- 2024Out-of-Distribution Data: An Acquaintance of Adversarial Examples -- A Surveycited by 6
- 2024Understanding Model Ensemble in Transferable Adversarial Attackcited by 6
- 2022Scale-free and Task-agnostic Attack: Generating Photo-realistic Adversarial Patterns with Patch Quilting Generatorcited by 5
- 2022General Adversarial Defense Against Black-box Attacks via Pixel Level and Feature Level Distribution Alignmentscited by 4
- 2022Emerging Threats in Deep Learning-Based Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 3
- 2024High-Frequency Anti-DreamBooth: Robust Defense against Personalized Image Synthesiscited by 3
- 2025AdvSwap: Covert Adversarial Perturbation with High Frequency Info-swapping for Autonomous Driving Perceptioncited by 3
- 2021"What's in the box?!": Deflecting Adversarial Attacks by Randomly Deploying Adversarially-Disjoint Modelscited by 2
- 2023MIMONet: Multi-Input Multi-Output On-Device Deep Learningcited by 2
- 2023Self-supervised Adaptive Pre-training of Multilingual Speech Models for Language and Dialect Identificationcited by 2
- 2024Enhancing Adversarial Attacks via Parameter Adaptive Adversarial Attackcited by 2
- 2021Dual Head Adversarial Trainingcited by 1
- 2024MAGIC: Mastering Physical Adversarial Generation in Context through Collaborative LLM Agentscited by 1
- 2025Dual-Flow: Transferable Multi-Target, Instance-Agnostic Attacks via In-the-wild Cascading Flow Optimizationcited by 1
- 2025A Survey of Adversarial Defenses in Vision-based Systems: Categorization, Methods and Challengescited by 1
- 2025Adversarial Examples in Environment Perception for Automated Driving (Review)cited by 1
- 2025Towards Interpretable Adversarial Examples via Sparse Adversarial Attackcited by 1
- 2025Boosting Adversarial Transferability via Residual Perturbation Attackcited by 1
- 2025Guided Diffusion-based Generation of Adversarial Objects for Real-World Monocular Depth Estimation Attackscited by 1
- 2026Real-Time Evaluation of Autonomous Systems under Adversarial Attackscited by 1
- 2021PredCoin: Defense against Query-based Hard-label Attackcited by 0
50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026Reconstructing Randomly Masked Spectra Helps DNNs Identify Discriminant Wavenumbers19 Jun 2026
- 2026Test-time Adversarial Takeover: A Real-time Hijacking Interface against Robotic Diffusion Policies9 Jun 2026
- 2026Real-Time Evaluation of Autonomous Systems under Adversarial Attacks5 May 2026
- 2026Adversarial Flow Matching for Imperceptible Attacks on End-to-End Autonomous Driving26 Apr 2026
- 2026UniAda: Universal Adaptive Multi-objective Adversarial Attack for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Systems25 Apr 2026
- 2026Comparative Analysis of Patch Attack on VLM-Based Autonomous Driving Architectures9 Mar 2026
- 2026RPP: A Certified Poisoned-Sample Detection Framework for Backdoor Attacks under Dataset Imbalance30 Jan 2026
- 2025Guided Diffusion-based Generation of Adversarial Objects for Real-World Monocular Depth Estimation Attacks30 Dec 2025
- 2025Boosting Adversarial Transferability via Residual Perturbation Attack6 Aug 2025
- 2025EvaDrive: Evolutionary Adversarial Policy Optimization for End-to-End Autonomous Driving5 Aug 2025
- 2025NCCR: to Evaluate the Robustness of Neural Networks and Adversarial Examples29 Jul 2025
- 2025Mask6D: Masked Pose Priors For 6D Object Pose Estimation9 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025Towards Interpretable Adversarial Examples via Sparse Adversarial Attack8 Jun 2025
- 2025Rethinking Target Label Conditioning in Adversarial Attacks: A 2D Tensor-Guided Generative Approach19 Apr 2025
- 2025Adversarial Examples in Environment Perception for Automated Driving (Review)11 Apr 2025
- 2025Adversarial Wear and Tear: Exploiting Natural Damage for Generating Physical-World Adversarial Examples27 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey of Adversarial Defenses in Vision-based Systems: Categorization, Methods and Challenges1 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Robust and Secure Embodied AI: A Survey on Vulnerabilities and Attacks18 Feb 2025
- 2025AdvSwap: Covert Adversarial Perturbation with High Frequency Info-swapping for Autonomous Driving Perception12 Feb 2025
- 2025Dual-Flow: Transferable Multi-Target, Instance-Agnostic Attacks via In-the-wild Cascading Flow Optimization4 Feb 2025
- 2024MAGIC: Mastering Physical Adversarial Generation in Context through Collaborative LLM Agents11 Dec 2024
- 2024FLARE: Toward Universal Dataset Purification against Backdoor Attacks29 Nov 2024
- 2024Attr-Int: A Simple and Effective Entity Alignment Framework for Heterogeneous Knowledge Graphs17 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards General Deepfake Detection with Dynamic Curriculum15 Oct 2024
- 2024Understanding Model Ensemble in Transferable Adversarial Attack9 Oct 2024
- 2024High-Frequency Anti-DreamBooth: Robust Defense against Personalized Image Synthesis12 Sep 2024
- 2024LightPure: Realtime Adversarial Image Purification for Mobile Devices Using Diffusion Models31 Aug 2024
- 2024Strategic Arms with Side Communication Prevail Over Low-Regret MAB Algorithms30 Aug 2024
- 2024Enhancing Adversarial Attacks via Parameter Adaptive Adversarial Attack14 Aug 2024
- 2024CLIP-Guided Generative Networks for Transferable Targeted Adversarial Attacks14 Jul 2024
- 2024ChatScene: Knowledge-Enabled Safety-Critical Scenario Generation for Autonomous Vehicles22 May 2024
- 2024PAD: Patch-Agnostic Defense against Adversarial Patch Attacks25 Apr 2024
- 2024Out-of-Distribution Data: An Acquaintance of Adversarial Examples -- A Survey8 Apr 2024
- 2024T-Pixel2Mesh: Combining Global and Local Transformer for 3D Mesh Generation from a Single Image20 Mar 2024
- 2024TEN-GUARD: Tensor Decomposition for Backdoor Attack Detection in Deep Neural Networks6 Jan 2024
- 2024TRLS: A Time Series Representation Learning Framework via Spectrogram for Medical Signal Processing6 Jan 2024
- 2023DarkShot: Lighting Dark Images with Low-Compute and High-Quality28 Dec 2023
- 2023Self-supervised Adaptive Pre-training of Multilingual Speech Models for Language and Dialect Identification12 Dec 2023
- 2023Breaking Temporal Consistency: Generating Video Universal Adversarial Perturbations Using Image Models17 Nov 2023
- 2023GMTR: Graph Matching Transformers14 Nov 2023
- 2023CAT: Closed-loop Adversarial Training for Safe End-to-End Driving19 Oct 2023
- 2023Enhancing Multilingual Speech Recognition through Language Prompt Tuning and Frame-Level Language Adapter18 Sep 2023
- 2023Physical Adversarial Attacks For Camera-based Smart Systems: Current Trends, Categorization, Applications, Research Challenges, and Future Outlook11 Aug 2023
- 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Review10 Aug 2023
- 2023MIMONet: Multi-Input Multi-Output On-Device Deep Learning22 Jul 2023
- 2023Query-Efficient Decision-based Black-Box Patch Attack2 Jul 2023
- 2023Two is Better Than One: Digital Siblings to Improve Autonomous Driving Testing14 May 2023
- 2023Boosting Adversarial Transferability via Fusing Logits of Top-1 Decomposed Feature2 May 2023
- 2023Sibling-Attack: Rethinking Transferable Adversarial Attacks against Face Recognition22 Mar 2023
- 2023Attacks in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Systematic Survey from the Life-cycle Perspective19 Feb 2023
50 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2024ChatScene: Knowledge-Enabled Safety-Critical Scenario Generation for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 92
- 2023CAT: Closed-loop Adversarial Training for Safe End-to-End Drivingcited by 52
- 2021Targeted Attack on Deep RL-based Autonomous Driving with Learned Visual Patternscited by 13
- 2025EvaDrive: Evolutionary Adversarial Policy Optimization for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 12
- 2026Real-Time Evaluation of Autonomous Systems under Adversarial Attackscited by 1
- 2026UniAda: Universal Adaptive Multi-objective Adversarial Attack for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Systemscited by 0
- 2026Real-Time Evaluation of Autonomous Systems under Adversarial Attacks5 May 2026
- 2026UniAda: Universal Adaptive Multi-objective Adversarial Attack for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Systems25 Apr 2026
- 2025EvaDrive: Evolutionary Adversarial Policy Optimization for End-to-End Autonomous Driving5 Aug 2025
- 2024ChatScene: Knowledge-Enabled Safety-Critical Scenario Generation for Autonomous Vehicles22 May 2024
- 2023CAT: Closed-loop Adversarial Training for Safe End-to-End Driving19 Oct 2023
- 2021Targeted Attack on Deep RL-based Autonomous Driving with Learned Visual Patterns16 Sep 2021
- 2025Guided Diffusion-based Generation of Adversarial Objects for Real-World Monocular Depth Estimation Attackscited by 1
- 2024LightPure: Realtime Adversarial Image Purification for Mobile Devices Using Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2026Adversarial Flow Matching for Imperceptible Attacks on End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026Test-time Adversarial Takeover: A Real-time Hijacking Interface against Robotic Diffusion Policiescited by 0
- 2026Test-time Adversarial Takeover: A Real-time Hijacking Interface against Robotic Diffusion Policies9 Jun 2026
- 2026Adversarial Flow Matching for Imperceptible Attacks on End-to-End Autonomous Driving26 Apr 2026
- 2025Guided Diffusion-based Generation of Adversarial Objects for Real-World Monocular Depth Estimation Attacks30 Dec 2025
- 2024LightPure: Realtime Adversarial Image Purification for Mobile Devices Using Diffusion Models31 Aug 2024
- 2021Advances in adversarial attacks and defenses in computer vision: A surveycited by 127
- 2022Physical Adversarial Attack meets Computer Vision: A Decade Surveycited by 66
- 2021Vehicle trajectory prediction works, but not everywherecited by 39
- 2023Sibling-Attack: Rethinking Transferable Adversarial Attacks against Face Recognitioncited by 32
- 2025Towards Robust and Secure Embodied AI: A Survey on Vulnerabilities and Attackscited by 32
- 2024PAD: Patch-Agnostic Defense against Adversarial Patch Attackscited by 31
- 2021Deep Learning-Based Autonomous Driving Systems: A Survey of Attacks and Defensescited by 29
- 2023The Integration of Prediction and Planning in Deep Learning Automated Driving Systems: A Reviewcited by 29
- 2021Robust Feature-Level Adversaries are Interpretability Toolscited by 27
- 2022A Survey on Physical Adversarial Attack in Computer Visioncited by 24
- 2022SoK: On the Semantic AI Security in Autonomous Drivingcited by 22
- 2023Physical Adversarial Attacks For Camera-based Smart Systems: Current Trends, Categorization, Applications, Research Challenges, and Future Outlookcited by 20
12 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2026Reconstructing Randomly Masked Spectra Helps DNNs Identify Discriminant Wavenumbers19 Jun 2026
- 2026RPP: A Certified Poisoned-Sample Detection Framework for Backdoor Attacks under Dataset Imbalance30 Jan 2026
- 2025Boosting Adversarial Transferability via Residual Perturbation Attack6 Aug 2025
- 2025NCCR: to Evaluate the Robustness of Neural Networks and Adversarial Examples29 Jul 2025
- 2025Mask6D: Masked Pose Priors For 6D Object Pose Estimation9 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Interpretable Adversarial Examples via Sparse Adversarial Attack8 Jun 2025
- 2025Rethinking Target Label Conditioning in Adversarial Attacks: A 2D Tensor-Guided Generative Approach19 Apr 2025
- 2025Adversarial Examples in Environment Perception for Automated Driving (Review)11 Apr 2025
- 2025Adversarial Wear and Tear: Exploiting Natural Damage for Generating Physical-World Adversarial Examples27 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey of Adversarial Defenses in Vision-based Systems: Categorization, Methods and Challenges1 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Robust and Secure Embodied AI: A Survey on Vulnerabilities and Attacks18 Feb 2025
- 2025AdvSwap: Covert Adversarial Perturbation with High Frequency Info-swapping for Autonomous Driving Perception12 Feb 2025
12 newest of 60 All 60 (JSON)