Polysemous Visual-Semantic Embedding for Cross-Modal Retrieval
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Abstract (arXiv)
Visual-semantic embedding aims to find a shared latent space where related visual and textual instances are close to each other. Most current methods learn injective embedding functions that map an instance to a single point in the shared space. Unfortunately, injective embedding cannot effectively handle polysemous instances with multiple possible meanings; at best, it would find an average representation of different meanings. This hinders its use in real-world scenarios where individual instances and their cross-modal associations are often ambiguous. In this work, we introduce Polysemous Instance Embedding Networks (PIE-Nets) that compute multiple and diverse representations of an instance by combining global context with locally-guided features via multi-head self-attention and residual learning. To learn visual-semantic embedding, we tie-up two PIE-Nets and optimize them jointly in the multiple instance learning framework. Most existing work on cross-modal retrieval focuses on image-text data. Here, we also tackle a more challenging case of video-text retrieval. To facilitate further research in video-text retrieval, we release a new dataset of 50K video-sentence pairs collected from social media, dubbed MRW (my reaction when). We demonstrate our approach on both image-text and video-text retrieval scenarios using MS-COCO, TGIF, and our new MRW dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 83 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Jun 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 15; 2022: 24; 2023: 17; 2024: 12; 2025: 12; 2026: 3.
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- 2021Probabilistic Embeddings for Cross-Modal Retrievalcited by 150
- 2021Similarity Reasoning and Filtration for Image-Text Matchingcited by 121
- 2021HiT: Hierarchical Transformer with Momentum Contrast for Video-Text Retrievalcited by 87
- 2023CompoDiff: Versatile Composed Image Retrieval With Latent Diffusioncited by 84
- 2022ARTEMIS: Attention-based Retrieval with Text-Explicit Matching and Implicit Similaritycited by 82
- 2021DOC2PPT: Automatic Presentation Slides Generation from Scientific Documentscited by 68
- 2022Image-text Retrieval: A Survey on Recent Research and Developmentcited by 55
- 2021Open-book Video Captioning with Retrieve-Copy-Generate Networkcited by 43
- 2023Improved Probabilistic Image-Text Representationscited by 40
- 2022ECCV Caption: Correcting False Negatives by Collecting Machine-and-Human-verified Image-Caption Associations for MS-COCOcited by 37
- 2021Multi-Vector Models with Textual Guidance for Fine-Grained Scientific Document Similaritycited by 35
- 2023Exposing and Mitigating Spurious Correlations for Cross-Modal Retrievalcited by 35
38 more
- 2022Reading-strategy Inspired Visual Representation Learning for Text-to-Video Retrievalcited by 34
- 2022Improving Cross-Modal Retrieval with Set of Diverse Embeddingscited by 33
- 2021HANet: Hierarchical Alignment Networks for Video-Text Retrievalcited by 31
- 2021Step-Wise Hierarchical Alignment Network for Image-Text Matchingcited by 26
- 2021Towards Open-World Text-Guided Face Image Generation and Manipulationcited by 25
- 2021Lightweight Attentional Feature Fusion: A New Baseline for Text-to-Video Retrievalcited by 23
- 2022Cross-Lingual Cross-Modal Retrieval with Noise-Robust Learningcited by 22
- 2023Prototype-based Aleatoric Uncertainty Quantification for Cross-modal Retrievalcited by 22
- 2021Embedding Arithmetic of Multimodal Queries for Image Retrievalcited by 21
- 2024Image-Text Co-Decomposition for Text-Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 21
- 2023Deep Learning for Video-Text Retrieval: a Reviewcited by 15
- 2021Is An Image Worth Five Sentences? A New Look into Semantics for Image-Text Matchingcited by 13
- 2022CODER: Coupled Diversity-Sensitive Momentum Contrastive Learning for Image-Text Retrievalcited by 13
- 2023USER: Unified Semantic Enhancement with Momentum Contrast for Image-Text Retrievalcited by 13
- 2022RoME: Role-aware Mixture-of-Expert Transformer for Text-to-Video Retrievalcited by 11
- 2024Composing Object Relations and Attributes for Image-Text Matchingcited by 11
- 2023Plug-and-Play Regulators for Image-Text Matchingcited by 10
- 2025Ambiguity-Restrained Text-Video Representation Learning for Partially Relevant Video Retrievalcited by 10
- 2022Multimodal Lecture Presentations Dataset: Understanding Multimodality in Educational Slidescited by 9
- 2023Bayesian Metric Learning for Uncertainty Quantification in Image Retrievalcited by 9
- 2023Negative Pre-aware for Noisy Cross-modal Matchingcited by 9
- 2023MAFA: Managing False Negatives for Vision-Language Pre-trainingcited by 9
- 2025ELIP: Enhanced Visual-Language Foundation Models for Image Retrievalcited by 9
- 2024CFIR: Fast and Effective Long-Text To Image Retrieval for Large Corporacited by 8
- 2022PRVR: Partially Relevant Video Retrievalcited by 7
- 2023RoCOCO: Robustness Benchmark of MS-COCO to Stress-test Image-Text Matching Modelscited by 7
- 2023ProbVLM: Probabilistic Adapter for Frozen Vision-Language Modelscited by 7
- 2024Zero-shot Composed Image Retrieval Considering Query-target Relationship Leveraging Masked Image-text Pairscited by 7
- 2021Weakly Supervised Dense Video Captioning via Jointly Usage of Knowledge Distillation and Cross-modal Matchingcited by 6
- 2022Auxiliary Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Triplet Loss Functions for Online Handwriting Recognitioncited by 6
- 2025NeighborRetr: Balancing Hub Centrality in Cross-Modal Retrievalcited by 6
- 2022LILE: Look In-Depth before Looking Elsewhere -- A Dual Attention Network using Transformers for Cross-Modal Information Retrieval in Histopathology Archivescited by 5
- 2022Towards Inadequately Pre-trained Models in Transfer Learningcited by 5
- 2022NewsStories: Illustrating articles with visual summariescited by 5
- 2022Paired Cross-Modal Data Augmentation for Fine-Grained Image-to-Text Retrievalcited by 5
- 2023Object-Centric Open-Vocabulary Image-Retrieval with Aggregated Featurescited by 5
- 2023Vision-Language Models Learn Super Images for Efficient Partially Relevant Video Retrievalcited by 5
- 2024Improving Video Corpus Moment Retrieval with Partial Relevance Enhancementcited by 5
50 most cited of 83 All 83 (JSON)
- 2026ACID: Action Consistency via Inverse Dynamics for Planning with World Models2 Jul 2026
- 2026GOMA: Toward Structure-Driven Multimodal Alignment from a Graph Signal Smoothing Perspective15 May 2026
- 2026Heterogeneous Uncertainty-Guided Composed Image Retrieval with Fine-Grained Probabilistic Learning16 Jan 2026
- 2025Category-level Text-to-Image Retrieval Improved: Bridging the Domain Gap with Diffusion Models and Vision Encoders29 Aug 2025
- 2025HCCM: Hierarchical Cross-Granularity Contrastive and Matching Learning for Natural Language-Guided Drones29 Aug 2025
- 2025AI-Generated Lecture Slides for Improving Slide Element Detection and Retrieval30 Jun 2025
- 2025Multimodal Information Retrieval for Open World with Edit Distance Weak Supervision25 Jun 2025
- 2025Ambiguity-Restrained Text-Video Representation Learning for Partially Relevant Video Retrieval9 Jun 2025
- 2025Multiplicity is an Inevitable and Inherent Challenge in Multimodal Learning26 May 2025
- 2025Descriptive Image-Text Matching with Graded Contextual Similarity15 May 2025
- 2025Marine Saliency Segmenter: Object-Focused Conditional Diffusion with Region-Level Semantic Knowledge Distillation3 Apr 2025
- 2025Aligning Information Capacity Between Vision and Language via Dense-to-Sparse Feature Distillation for Image-Text Matching19 Mar 2025
38 more
- 2025NeighborRetr: Balancing Hub Centrality in Cross-Modal Retrieval13 Mar 2025
- 2025Composed Multi-modal Retrieval: A Survey of Approaches and Applications3 Mar 2025
- 2025ELIP: Enhanced Visual-Language Foundation Models for Image Retrieval21 Feb 2025
- 2024GSSF: Generalized Structural Sparse Function for Deep Cross-modal Metric Learning20 Oct 2024
- 2024Visual-Semantic Decomposition and Partial Alignment for Document-based Zero-Shot Learning22 Jul 2024
- 2024Object-Aware Query Perturbation for Cross-Modal Image-Text Retrieval17 Jul 2024
- 2024Zero-shot Composed Image Retrieval Considering Query-target Relationship Leveraging Masked Image-text Pairs27 Jun 2024
- 2024Multi-Scale Temporal Difference Transformer for Video-Text Retrieval23 Jun 2024
- 2024Composing Object Relations and Attributes for Image-Text Matching17 Jun 2024
- 2024Multimodal Adversarial Defense for Vision-Language Models by Leveraging One-To-Many Relationships29 May 2024
- 2024Active Learning for Finely-Categorized Image-Text Retrieval by Selecting Hard Negative Unpaired Samples25 May 2024
- 2024Image-Text Co-Decomposition for Text-Supervised Semantic Segmentation5 Apr 2024
- 2024PointCloud-Text Matching: Benchmark Datasets and a Baseline28 Mar 2024
- 2024CFIR: Fast and Effective Long-Text To Image Retrieval for Large Corpora23 Feb 2024
- 2024Improving Video Corpus Moment Retrieval with Partial Relevance Enhancement21 Feb 2024
- 2023MAFA: Managing False Negatives for Vision-Language Pre-training11 Dec 2023
- 2023Negative Pre-aware for Noisy Cross-modal Matching10 Dec 2023
- 2023Vision-Language Models Learn Super Images for Efficient Partially Relevant Video Retrieval1 Dec 2023
- 2023Prototype-based Aleatoric Uncertainty Quantification for Cross-modal Retrieval29 Sep 2023
- 2023Object-Centric Open-Vocabulary Image-Retrieval with Aggregated Features26 Sep 2023
- 2023Dynamic Visual Semantic Sub-Embeddings and Fast Re-Ranking15 Sep 2023
- 2023ProbVLM: Probabilistic Adapter for Frozen Vision-Language Models1 Jul 2023
- 2023Improved Probabilistic Image-Text Representations29 May 2023
- 2023Active Semantic Localization with Graph Neural Embedding10 May 2023
- 2023RoCOCO: Robustness Benchmark of MS-COCO to Stress-test Image-Text Matching Models21 Apr 2023
- 2023Exposing and Mitigating Spurious Correlations for Cross-Modal Retrieval6 Apr 2023
- 2023Plug-and-Play Regulators for Image-Text Matching23 Mar 2023
- 2023CompoDiff: Versatile Composed Image Retrieval With Latent Diffusion21 Mar 2023
- 2023Deep Learning for Video-Text Retrieval: a Review24 Feb 2023
- 2023Bayesian Metric Learning for Uncertainty Quantification in Image Retrieval2 Feb 2023
- 2023AttMEMO : Accelerating Transformers with Memoization on Big Memory Systems23 Jan 2023
- 2023USER: Unified Semantic Enhancement with Momentum Contrast for Image-Text Retrieval17 Jan 2023
- 2022Improving Cross-Modal Retrieval with Set of Diverse Embeddings30 Nov 2022
- 2022Are All Combinations Equal? Combining Textual and Visual Features with Multiple Space Learning for Text-Based Video Retrieval21 Nov 2022
- 2022Person Text-Image Matching via Text-Feature Interpretability Embedding and External Attack Node Implantation16 Nov 2022
- 2022Semantic Video Moments Retrieval at Scale: A New Task and a Baseline15 Oct 2022
- 2022Improving Visual-Semantic Embeddings by Learning Semantically-Enhanced Hard Negatives for Cross-modal Information Retrieval10 Oct 2022
- 2022Domain-aware Self-supervised Pre-training for Label-Efficient Meme Analysis29 Sep 2022
50 newest of 83 All 83 (JSON)
- 2023MAFA: Managing False Negatives for Vision-Language Pre-trainingcited by 9
- 2023RoCOCO: Robustness Benchmark of MS-COCO to Stress-test Image-Text Matching Modelscited by 7
- 2023ProbVLM: Probabilistic Adapter for Frozen Vision-Language Modelscited by 7
- 2023Vision-Language Models Learn Super Images for Efficient Partially Relevant Video Retrievalcited by 5
- 2022A Comprehensive Empirical Study of Vision-Language Pre-trained Model for Supervised Cross-Modal Retrievalcited by 4
- 2024Multimodal Adversarial Defense for Vision-Language Models by Leveraging One-To-Many Relationshipscited by 1
- 2024Multimodal Adversarial Defense for Vision-Language Models by Leveraging One-To-Many Relationships29 May 2024
- 2023MAFA: Managing False Negatives for Vision-Language Pre-training11 Dec 2023
- 2023Vision-Language Models Learn Super Images for Efficient Partially Relevant Video Retrieval1 Dec 2023
- 2023ProbVLM: Probabilistic Adapter for Frozen Vision-Language Models1 Jul 2023
- 2023RoCOCO: Robustness Benchmark of MS-COCO to Stress-test Image-Text Matching Models21 Apr 2023
- 2022A Comprehensive Empirical Study of Vision-Language Pre-trained Model for Supervised Cross-Modal Retrieval8 Jan 2022
- 2023CompoDiff: Versatile Composed Image Retrieval With Latent Diffusioncited by 84
- 2025Marine Saliency Segmenter: Object-Focused Conditional Diffusion with Region-Level Semantic Knowledge Distillationcited by 2
- 2025Category-level Text-to-Image Retrieval Improved: Bridging the Domain Gap with Diffusion Models and Vision Encoderscited by 0
- 2025Category-level Text-to-Image Retrieval Improved: Bridging the Domain Gap with Diffusion Models and Vision Encoders29 Aug 2025
- 2025Marine Saliency Segmenter: Object-Focused Conditional Diffusion with Region-Level Semantic Knowledge Distillation3 Apr 2025
- 2023CompoDiff: Versatile Composed Image Retrieval With Latent Diffusion21 Mar 2023
- 2021Probabilistic Embeddings for Cross-Modal Retrievalcited by 150
- 2021Similarity Reasoning and Filtration for Image-Text Matchingcited by 121
- 2021HiT: Hierarchical Transformer with Momentum Contrast for Video-Text Retrievalcited by 87
- 2022ARTEMIS: Attention-based Retrieval with Text-Explicit Matching and Implicit Similaritycited by 82
- 2021DOC2PPT: Automatic Presentation Slides Generation from Scientific Documentscited by 68
- 2022Image-text Retrieval: A Survey on Recent Research and Developmentcited by 55
- 2021Open-book Video Captioning with Retrieve-Copy-Generate Networkcited by 43
- 2023Improved Probabilistic Image-Text Representationscited by 40
- 2022ECCV Caption: Correcting False Negatives by Collecting Machine-and-Human-verified Image-Caption Associations for MS-COCOcited by 37
- 2021Multi-Vector Models with Textual Guidance for Fine-Grained Scientific Document Similaritycited by 35
- 2023Exposing and Mitigating Spurious Correlations for Cross-Modal Retrievalcited by 35
- 2022Reading-strategy Inspired Visual Representation Learning for Text-to-Video Retrievalcited by 34
12 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026GOMA: Toward Structure-Driven Multimodal Alignment from a Graph Signal Smoothing Perspective15 May 2026
- 2026Heterogeneous Uncertainty-Guided Composed Image Retrieval with Fine-Grained Probabilistic Learning16 Jan 2026
- 2025HCCM: Hierarchical Cross-Granularity Contrastive and Matching Learning for Natural Language-Guided Drones29 Aug 2025
- 2025AI-Generated Lecture Slides for Improving Slide Element Detection and Retrieval30 Jun 2025
- 2025Multimodal Information Retrieval for Open World with Edit Distance Weak Supervision25 Jun 2025
- 2025Ambiguity-Restrained Text-Video Representation Learning for Partially Relevant Video Retrieval9 Jun 2025
- 2025Multiplicity is an Inevitable and Inherent Challenge in Multimodal Learning26 May 2025
- 2025Descriptive Image-Text Matching with Graded Contextual Similarity15 May 2025
- 2025Aligning Information Capacity Between Vision and Language via Dense-to-Sparse Feature Distillation for Image-Text Matching19 Mar 2025
- 2025NeighborRetr: Balancing Hub Centrality in Cross-Modal Retrieval13 Mar 2025
- 2025Composed Multi-modal Retrieval: A Survey of Approaches and Applications3 Mar 2025
- 2025ELIP: Enhanced Visual-Language Foundation Models for Image Retrieval21 Feb 2025
12 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)