mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Extreme Multi-Label Legal Text Classification: A case study in EU Legislation

arXiv 1905.10892 ↗First posted 26 May 2019cs.CLcited by 26

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

We consider the task of Extreme Multi-Label Text Classification (XMTC) in the legal domain. We release a new dataset of 57k legislative documents from EURLEX, the European Union's public document database, annotated with concepts from EUROVOC, a multidisciplinary thesaurus. The dataset is substantially larger than previous EURLEX datasets and suitable for XMTC, few-shot and zero-shot learning. Experimenting with several neural classifiers, we show that BIGRUs with self-attention outperform the current multi-label state-of-the-art methods, which employ label-wise attention. Replacing CNNs with BIGRUs in label-wise attention networks leads to the best overall performance.

Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 May 2019.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 6; 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.

26 papers.

Sort:

  1. 2024Natural Language Processing for the Legal Domain: A Survey of Tasks, Datasets, Models, and Challengescited by 42
  2. 2022EUR-Lex-Sum: A Multi- and Cross-lingual Dataset for Long-form Summarization in the Legal Domaincited by 40
  3. 2021DeepXML: A Deep Extreme Multi-Label Learning Framework Applied to Short Text Documentscited by 37
  4. 2022NGAME: Negative Mining-aware Mini-batching for Extreme Classificationcited by 32
  5. 2022Design of Negative Sampling Strategies for Distantly Supervised Skill Extractioncited by 16
  6. 2021Multi-granular Legal Topic Classification on Greek Legislationcited by 15
  7. 2025The Lucie-7B LLM and the Lucie Training Dataset: Open resources for multilingual language generationcited by 10
  8. 2022A Survey on Extreme Multi-label Learningcited by 7
  9. 2021Unsupervised Law Article Mining based on Deep Pre-Trained Language Representation Models with Application to the Italian Civil Codecited by 6
  10. 2023Automated Refugee Case Analysis: An NLP Pipeline for Supporting Legal Practitionerscited by 6
  11. 2024LexDrafter: Terminology Drafting for Legislative Documents using Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 6
  12. 2025Efficient Text Encoders for Labor Market Analysiscited by 5
14 more
  1. 2025HSGM: Hierarchical Segment-Graph Memory for Scalable Long-Text Semanticscited by 5
  2. 2022Unsupervised Simplification of Legal Textscited by 3
  3. 2025GAIus: Combining Genai with Legal Clauses Retrieval for Knowledge-based Assistantcited by 2
  4. 2022Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomescited by 1
  5. 2023Empowering Refugee Claimants and their Lawyers: Using Machine Learning to Examine Decision-Making in Refugee Lawcited by 1
  6. 2024The Right Model for the Job: An Evaluation of Legal Multi-Label Classification Baselinescited by 1
  7. 2024Graph Regularized Encoder Training for Extreme Classificationcited by 1
  8. 2025LegalViz: Legal Text Visualization by Text To Diagram Generationcited by 1
  9. 2025Computational Identification of Regulatory Statements in EU Legislationcited by 1
  10. 2026Evaluation of Large Language Models in Legal Applications: Challenges, Methods, and Future Directionscited by 1
  11. 2026Legal Experts Disagree With Rationale Extraction Techniques for Explaining ECtHR Case Outcome Classificationcited by 0
  12. 2026Traceable by Design: An LLM Pipeline and Dashboard for EU Regulatory Consultation Analysiscited by 0
  13. 2026Does generative AI supersede supervised XMLC? A Benchmark Study on Automated Subject Indexing with German Scientific Literaturecited by 0
  14. 2026Which Rules Matter Now? Policy-Centroid Routing Before an Intelligent System Actscited by 0