Linearized two-layers neural networks in high dimension

We consider the problem of learning an unknown function fstar on the d-dimensional sphere with respect to the square loss, given i.i.d. samples (yi,boldsymbol xi)i≤ n where boldsymbol xi is a feature vector uniformly distributed on the sphere and yi=fstar(boldsymbol xi)+varepsiloni. We study two popular classes of models that can be regarded as linearizations of two-layers neural networks around a random initialization: the random features model of Rahimi-Recht (RF); the neural tangent kernel model of Jacot-Gabriel-Hongler (NT). Both these approaches can also be regarded as randomized approximations of kernel ridge regression (with respect to different kernels), and enjoy universal approximation properties when the number of neurons N diverges, for a fixed dimension d. We consider two specific regimes: the approximation-limited regime, in which n=∞ while d and N are large but finite; and the sample size-limited regime in which N=∞ while d and n are large but finite. In the first regime we prove that if dℓ + δ ≤ N≤ dℓ+1-δ for small δ > 0, then RF, effectively fits a degree-ℓ polynomial in the raw features, and NT, fits a degree-(ℓ+1) polynomial. In the second regime, both RF and NT reduce to kernel methods with rotationally invariant kernels. We prove that, if the number of samples is dℓ + δ ≤ n ≤ dℓ +1-δ, then kernel methods can fit at most a a degree-ℓ polynomial in the raw features. This lower bound is achieved by kernel ridge regression. Optimal prediction error is achieved for vanishing ridge regularization.