mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Neural Painters: A learned differentiable constraint for generating brushstroke paintings

arXiv 1904.08410 ↗First posted 17 Apr 2019cs.CV cs.LG stat.MLcited by 28

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Abstract (arXiv)

We explore neural painters, a generative model for brushstrokes learned from a real non-differentiable and non-deterministic painting program. We show that when training an agent to "paint" images using brushstrokes, using a differentiable neural painter leads to much faster convergence. We propose a method for encouraging this agent to follow human-like strokes when reconstructing digits. We also explore the use of a neural painter as a differentiable image parameterization. By directly optimizing brushstrokes to activate neurons in a pre-trained convolutional network, we can directly visualize ImageNet categories and generate "ideal" paintings of each class. Finally, we present a new concept called intrinsic style transfer. By minimizing only the content loss from neural style transfer, we allow the artistic medium, in this case, brushstrokes, to naturally dictate the resulting style.

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 6; 2023: 2; 2024: 6; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2021Im2Vec: Synthesizing Vector Graphics without Vector Supervisioncited by 114
  2. 2022Learning to generate line drawings that convey geometry and semanticscited by 82
  3. 2021Paint Transformer: Feed Forward Neural Painting with Stroke Predictioncited by 61
  4. 2025MakeAnything: Harnessing Diffusion Transformers for Multi-Domain Procedural Sequence Generationcited by 43
  5. 2021Rethinking Style Transfer: From Pixels to Parameterized Brushstrokescited by 42
  6. 2021Modern Evolution Strategies for Creativity: Fitting Concrete Images and Abstract Conceptscited by 40
  7. 2024ProcessPainter: Learn Painting Process from Sequence Datacited by 37
  8. 2021Differentiable Drawing and Sketchingcited by 20
  9. 2024Diffusion-Based Visual Art Creation: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 17
  10. 2021GAN Computers Generate Arts? A Survey on Visual Arts, Music, and Literary Text Generation using Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 15
  11. 2022Toward Modeling Creative Processes for Algorithmic Paintingcited by 9
  12. 2024PICASSO: A Feed-Forward Framework for Parametric Inference of CAD Sketches via Rendering Self-Supervisioncited by 9
16 more
  1. 2021Intelli-Paint: Towards Developing Human-like Painting Agentscited by 6
  2. 2022WISE: Whitebox Image Stylization by Example-based Learningcited by 5
  3. 2022Stroke-based Rendering: From Heuristics to Deep Learningcited by 4
  4. 2024Vector Grimoire: Codebook-based Shape Generation under Raster Image Supervisioncited by 3
  5. 2023Neural 3D Strokes: Creating Stylized 3D Scenes with Vectorized 3D Strokescited by 1
  6. 2023Collaborative Neural Paintingcited by 1
  7. 2024Level of agreement between emotions generated by Artificial Intelligence and human evaluation: a methodological proposalcited by 1
  8. 2024Artificial Intelligence for Geometry-Based Feature Extraction, Analysis and Synthesis in Artistic Images: A Surveycited by 1
  9. 2025AnimatePainter: A Self-Supervised Rendering Framework for Reconstructing Painting Processcited by 1
  10. 2025Modulation Discovery with Differentiable Digital Signal Processingcited by 1
  11. 2025Stroke2Sketch: Harnessing Stroke Attributes for Training-Free Sketch Generationcited by 1
  12. 2025Birth of a Painting: Differentiable Brushstroke Reconstructioncited by 1
  13. 2021The Joy of Neural Paintingcited by 0
  14. 2022Physically Embodied Deep Image Optimisationcited by 0
  15. 2022Character Generation through Self-Supervised Vectorizationcited by 0
  16. 2026Data-Efficient Brushstroke Generation with Diffusion Models for Oil Paintingcited by 0