Neural Painters: A learned differentiable constraint for generating brushstroke paintings
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Abstract (arXiv)
We explore neural painters, a generative model for brushstrokes learned from a real non-differentiable and non-deterministic painting program. We show that when training an agent to "paint" images using brushstrokes, using a differentiable neural painter leads to much faster convergence. We propose a method for encouraging this agent to follow human-like strokes when reconstructing digits. We also explore the use of a neural painter as a differentiable image parameterization. By directly optimizing brushstrokes to activate neurons in a pre-trained convolutional network, we can directly visualize ImageNet categories and generate "ideal" paintings of each class. Finally, we present a new concept called intrinsic style transfer. By minimizing only the content loss from neural style transfer, we allow the artistic medium, in this case, brushstrokes, to naturally dictate the resulting style.
Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 6; 2023: 2; 2024: 6; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.
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- 2021Im2Vec: Synthesizing Vector Graphics without Vector Supervisioncited by 114
- 2022Learning to generate line drawings that convey geometry and semanticscited by 82
- 2021Paint Transformer: Feed Forward Neural Painting with Stroke Predictioncited by 61
- 2025MakeAnything: Harnessing Diffusion Transformers for Multi-Domain Procedural Sequence Generationcited by 43
- 2021Rethinking Style Transfer: From Pixels to Parameterized Brushstrokescited by 42
- 2021Modern Evolution Strategies for Creativity: Fitting Concrete Images and Abstract Conceptscited by 40
- 2024ProcessPainter: Learn Painting Process from Sequence Datacited by 37
- 2021Differentiable Drawing and Sketchingcited by 20
- 2024Diffusion-Based Visual Art Creation: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 17
- 2021GAN Computers Generate Arts? A Survey on Visual Arts, Music, and Literary Text Generation using Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 15
- 2022Toward Modeling Creative Processes for Algorithmic Paintingcited by 9
- 2024PICASSO: A Feed-Forward Framework for Parametric Inference of CAD Sketches via Rendering Self-Supervisioncited by 9
16 more
- 2021Intelli-Paint: Towards Developing Human-like Painting Agentscited by 6
- 2022WISE: Whitebox Image Stylization by Example-based Learningcited by 5
- 2022Stroke-based Rendering: From Heuristics to Deep Learningcited by 4
- 2024Vector Grimoire: Codebook-based Shape Generation under Raster Image Supervisioncited by 3
- 2023Neural 3D Strokes: Creating Stylized 3D Scenes with Vectorized 3D Strokescited by 1
- 2023Collaborative Neural Paintingcited by 1
- 2024Level of agreement between emotions generated by Artificial Intelligence and human evaluation: a methodological proposalcited by 1
- 2024Artificial Intelligence for Geometry-Based Feature Extraction, Analysis and Synthesis in Artistic Images: A Surveycited by 1
- 2025AnimatePainter: A Self-Supervised Rendering Framework for Reconstructing Painting Processcited by 1
- 2025Modulation Discovery with Differentiable Digital Signal Processingcited by 1
- 2025Stroke2Sketch: Harnessing Stroke Attributes for Training-Free Sketch Generationcited by 1
- 2025Birth of a Painting: Differentiable Brushstroke Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2021The Joy of Neural Paintingcited by 0
- 2022Physically Embodied Deep Image Optimisationcited by 0
- 2022Character Generation through Self-Supervised Vectorizationcited by 0
- 2026Data-Efficient Brushstroke Generation with Diffusion Models for Oil Paintingcited by 0
- 2026Data-Efficient Brushstroke Generation with Diffusion Models for Oil Painting1 Mar 2026
- 2025Birth of a Painting: Differentiable Brushstroke Reconstruction17 Nov 2025
- 2025Stroke2Sketch: Harnessing Stroke Attributes for Training-Free Sketch Generation18 Oct 2025
- 2025Modulation Discovery with Differentiable Digital Signal Processing7 Oct 2025
- 2025AnimatePainter: A Self-Supervised Rendering Framework for Reconstructing Painting Process21 Mar 2025
- 2025MakeAnything: Harnessing Diffusion Transformers for Multi-Domain Procedural Sequence Generation3 Feb 2025
- 2024Artificial Intelligence for Geometry-Based Feature Extraction, Analysis and Synthesis in Artistic Images: A Survey2 Dec 2024
- 2024Level of agreement between emotions generated by Artificial Intelligence and human evaluation: a methodological proposal10 Oct 2024
- 2024Vector Grimoire: Codebook-based Shape Generation under Raster Image Supervision8 Oct 2024
- 2024Diffusion-Based Visual Art Creation: A Survey and New Perspectives22 Aug 2024
- 2024PICASSO: A Feed-Forward Framework for Parametric Inference of CAD Sketches via Rendering Self-Supervision18 Jul 2024
- 2024ProcessPainter: Learn Painting Process from Sequence Data10 Jun 2024
16 more
- 2023Collaborative Neural Painting4 Dec 2023
- 2023Neural 3D Strokes: Creating Stylized 3D Scenes with Vectorized 3D Strokes27 Nov 2023
- 2022Stroke-based Rendering: From Heuristics to Deep Learning30 Dec 2022
- 2022Character Generation through Self-Supervised Vectorization3 Aug 2022
- 2022WISE: Whitebox Image Stylization by Example-based Learning29 Jul 2022
- 2022Toward Modeling Creative Processes for Algorithmic Painting3 May 2022
- 2022Learning to generate line drawings that convey geometry and semantics23 Mar 2022
- 2022Physically Embodied Deep Image Optimisation20 Jan 2022
- 2021Intelli-Paint: Towards Developing Human-like Painting Agents16 Dec 2021
- 2021The Joy of Neural Painting19 Nov 2021
- 2021Modern Evolution Strategies for Creativity: Fitting Concrete Images and Abstract Concepts18 Sep 2021
- 2021GAN Computers Generate Arts? A Survey on Visual Arts, Music, and Literary Text Generation using Generative Adversarial Network9 Aug 2021
- 2021Paint Transformer: Feed Forward Neural Painting with Stroke Prediction9 Aug 2021
- 2021Rethinking Style Transfer: From Pixels to Parameterized Brushstrokes31 Mar 2021
- 2021Differentiable Drawing and Sketching30 Mar 2021
- 2021Im2Vec: Synthesizing Vector Graphics without Vector Supervision4 Feb 2021
- 2021Im2Vec: Synthesizing Vector Graphics without Vector Supervisioncited by 114
- 2022Learning to generate line drawings that convey geometry and semanticscited by 82
- 2021Paint Transformer: Feed Forward Neural Painting with Stroke Predictioncited by 61
- 2021Rethinking Style Transfer: From Pixels to Parameterized Brushstrokescited by 42
- 2021Modern Evolution Strategies for Creativity: Fitting Concrete Images and Abstract Conceptscited by 40
- 2024ProcessPainter: Learn Painting Process from Sequence Datacited by 37
- 2021Differentiable Drawing and Sketchingcited by 20
- 2024Diffusion-Based Visual Art Creation: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 17
- 2021GAN Computers Generate Arts? A Survey on Visual Arts, Music, and Literary Text Generation using Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 15
- 2022Toward Modeling Creative Processes for Algorithmic Paintingcited by 9
- 2024PICASSO: A Feed-Forward Framework for Parametric Inference of CAD Sketches via Rendering Self-Supervisioncited by 9
- 2021Intelli-Paint: Towards Developing Human-like Painting Agentscited by 6
12 most cited of 26 All 26 (JSON)
- 2025Birth of a Painting: Differentiable Brushstroke Reconstruction17 Nov 2025
- 2025Stroke2Sketch: Harnessing Stroke Attributes for Training-Free Sketch Generation18 Oct 2025
- 2025Modulation Discovery with Differentiable Digital Signal Processing7 Oct 2025
- 2025AnimatePainter: A Self-Supervised Rendering Framework for Reconstructing Painting Process21 Mar 2025
- 2024Artificial Intelligence for Geometry-Based Feature Extraction, Analysis and Synthesis in Artistic Images: A Survey2 Dec 2024
- 2024Level of agreement between emotions generated by Artificial Intelligence and human evaluation: a methodological proposal10 Oct 2024
- 2024Vector Grimoire: Codebook-based Shape Generation under Raster Image Supervision8 Oct 2024
- 2024Diffusion-Based Visual Art Creation: A Survey and New Perspectives22 Aug 2024
- 2024PICASSO: A Feed-Forward Framework for Parametric Inference of CAD Sketches via Rendering Self-Supervision18 Jul 2024
- 2024ProcessPainter: Learn Painting Process from Sequence Data10 Jun 2024
- 2023Collaborative Neural Painting4 Dec 2023
- 2023Neural 3D Strokes: Creating Stylized 3D Scenes with Vectorized 3D Strokes27 Nov 2023
12 newest of 26 All 26 (JSON)