Evaluating Style Transfer for Text
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Abstract (arXiv)
Research in the area of style transfer for text is currently bottlenecked by a lack of standard evaluation practices. This paper aims to alleviate this issue by experimentally identifying best practices with a Yelp sentiment dataset. We specify three aspects of interest (style transfer intensity, content preservation, and naturalness) and show how to obtain more reliable measures of them from human evaluation than in previous work. We propose a set of metrics for automated evaluation and demonstrate that they are more strongly correlated and in agreement with human judgment: direction-corrected Earth Mover's Distance, Word Mover's Distance on style-masked texts, and adversarial classification for the respective aspects. We also show that the three examined models exhibit tradeoffs between aspects of interest, demonstrating the importance of evaluating style transfer models at specific points of their tradeoff plots. We release software with our evaluation metrics to facilitate research.
Key facts. Cited by 61 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 13; 2023: 11; 2024: 10; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.
61 papers.
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- 2022RLPrompt: Optimizing Discrete Text Prompts with Reinforcement Learningcited by 366
- 2021A Recipe For Arbitrary Text Style Transfer with Large Language Modelscited by 107
- 2021The Perils of Using Mechanical Turk to Evaluate Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 97
- 2021Compression, Transduction, and Creation: A Unified Framework for Evaluating Natural Language Generationcited by 60
- 2022LENS: A Learnable Evaluation Metric for Text Simplificationcited by 54
- 2021XFORMAL: A Benchmark for Multilingual Formality Style Transfercited by 52
- 2023ChatGPT vs Human-authored Text: Insights into Controllable Text Summarization and Sentence Style Transfercited by 50
- 2022Prompt-and-Rerank: A Method for Zero-Shot and Few-Shot Arbitrary Textual Style Transfer with Small Language Modelscited by 49
- 2021StylePTB: A Compositional Benchmark for Fine-grained Controllable Text Style Transfercited by 34
- 2022Inducing Positive Perspectives with Text Reframingcited by 31
- 2025Beyond the Surface: Measuring Self-Preference in LLM Judgmentscited by 31
- 2021Evaluating the Evaluation Metrics for Style Transfer: A Case Study in Multilingual Formality Transfercited by 25
38 more
- 2021Few-shot Controllable Style Transfer for Low-Resource Multilingual Settingscited by 21
- 2021A Review of Human Evaluation for Style Transfercited by 19
- 2024Translating Across Cultures: LLMs for Intralingual Cultural Adaptationcited by 16
- 2021Disentangling Representations of Text by Masking Transformerscited by 15
- 2023Boosting Distress Support Dialogue Responses with Motivational Interviewing Strategycited by 15
- 2023A Call for Standardization and Validation of Text Style Transfer Evaluationcited by 14
- 2021A Survey of Natural Language Generationcited by 13
- 2023Text Style Transfer Evaluation Using Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2022Human Judgement as a Compass to Navigate Automatic Metrics for Formality Transfercited by 12
- 2024ValueScope: Unveiling Implicit Norms and Values via Return Potential Model of Social Interactionscited by 12
- 2022Non-Parallel Text Style Transfer with Self-Parallel Supervisioncited by 11
- 2023Stylized Data-to-Text Generation: A Case Study in the E-Commerce Domaincited by 11
- 2024Text Detoxification as Style Transfer in English and Hindicited by 11
- 2024Multilingual Text Style Transfer: Datasets & Models for Indian Languagescited by 9
- 2022Mitigating Toxic Degeneration with Empathetic Data: Exploring the Relationship Between Toxicity and Empathycited by 8
- 2022Towards Robust and Semantically Organised Latent Representations for Unsupervised Text Style Transfercited by 7
- 2025Evaluating Text Style Transfer Evaluation: Are There Any Reliable Metrics?cited by 7
- 2025Masks and Mimicry: Strategic Obfuscation and Impersonation Attacks on Authorship Verificationcited by 7
- 2022AutoTemplate: A Simple Recipe for Lexically Constrained Text Generationcited by 6
- 2023Don't Take This Out of Context! On the Need for Contextual Models and Evaluations for Stylistic Rewritingcited by 6
- 2023Prefix-Tuning Based Unsupervised Text Style Transfercited by 6
- 2023VERVE: Template-based ReflectiVE Rewriting for MotiVational IntErviewingcited by 6
- 2021From Theories on Styles to their Transfer in Text: Bridging the Gap with a Hierarchical Surveycited by 5
- 2024Text Style Transfer: An Introductory Overviewcited by 5
- 2025Steering Large Language Models with Register Analysis for Arbitrary Style Transfercited by 5
- 2023Visual Captioning at Will: Describing Images and Videos Guided by a Few Stylized Sentencescited by 4
- 2021GTAE: Graph-Transformer based Auto-Encoders for Linguistic-Constrained Text Style Transfercited by 3
- 2024Can Large Language Models (or Humans) Disentangle Text?cited by 3
- 2025Evaluating Style-Personalized Text Generation: Challenges and Directionscited by 3
- 2022Exploiting Social Media Content for Self-Supervised Style Transfercited by 2
- 2023Balancing Effect of Training Dataset Distribution of Multiple Styles for Multi-Style Text Transfercited by 2
- 2024ProSwitch: Knowledge-Guided Instruction Tuning to Switch Between Professional and Non-Professional Responsescited by 2
- 2025Mind the Style Gap: Meta-Evaluation of Style and Attribute Transfer Metricscited by 2
- 2025Who's Asking? Simulating Role-Based Questions for Conversational AI Evaluationcited by 2
- 2021On the interaction of automatic evaluation and task framing in headline style transfercited by 1
- 2021SE-DAE: Style-Enhanced Denoising Auto-Encoder for Unsupervised Text Style Transfercited by 1
- 2021Contextualizing Variation in Text Style Transfer Datasetscited by 1
- 2022Variational Autoencoder with Disentanglement Priors for Low-Resource Task-Specific Natural Language Generationcited by 1
50 most cited of 61 All 61 (JSON)
- 2026Fantastic Metrics and How to Find Them: Meta-Evaluating Metrics for Multi-lingual Style-Personalized Generation13 Oct 2026
- 2026Metric-Construction Coupling Inflates Measured Synthetic Dialect Recovery14 Sep 2026
- 2026Unsupervised Text Style Transfer for Controllable Intensity3 Jan 2026
- 2025Who's Asking? Simulating Role-Based Questions for Conversational AI Evaluation19 Oct 2025
- 2025Evaluating Style-Personalized Text Generation: Challenges and Directions8 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond the Surface: Measuring Self-Preference in LLM Judgments3 Jun 2025
- 2025SynDec: A Synthesize-then-Decode Approach for Arbitrary Textual Style Transfer via Large Language Models19 May 2025
- 2025Steering Large Language Models with Register Analysis for Arbitrary Style Transfer1 May 2025
- 2025Masks and Mimicry: Strategic Obfuscation and Impersonation Attacks on Authorship Verification24 Mar 2025
- 2025Mind the Style Gap: Meta-Evaluation of Style and Attribute Transfer Metrics20 Feb 2025
- 2025Evaluating Text Style Transfer Evaluation: Are There Any Reliable Metrics?7 Feb 2025
- 2024Emotional RAG LLMs: Reading Comprehension for the Open Internet20 Aug 2024
38 more
- 2024A Survey of Text Style Transfer: Applications and Ethical Implications23 Jul 2024
- 2024Text Style Transfer: An Introductory Overview20 Jul 2024
- 2024ValueScope: Unveiling Implicit Norms and Values via Return Potential Model of Social Interactions2 Jul 2024
- 2024Translating Across Cultures: LLMs for Intralingual Cultural Adaptation20 Jun 2024
- 2024Multilingual Text Style Transfer: Datasets & Models for Indian Languages31 May 2024
- 2024Can Large Language Models (or Humans) Disentangle Text?25 Mar 2024
- 2024ProSwitch: Knowledge-Guided Instruction Tuning to Switch Between Professional and Non-Professional Responses14 Mar 2024
- 2024Text Detoxification as Style Transfer in English and Hindi12 Feb 2024
- 2024Analyzing Sentiment Polarity Reduction in News Presentation through Contextual Perturbation and Large Language Models3 Feb 2024
- 2023VERVE: Template-based ReflectiVE Rewriting for MotiVational IntErviewing14 Nov 2023
- 2023Prefix-Tuning Based Unsupervised Text Style Transfer23 Oct 2023
- 2023Text Style Transfer Evaluation Using Large Language Models25 Aug 2023
- 2023Visual Captioning at Will: Describing Images and Videos Guided by a Few Stylized Sentences31 Jul 2023
- 2023ChatGPT vs Human-authored Text: Insights into Controllable Text Summarization and Sentence Style Transfer13 Jun 2023
- 2023A Call for Standardization and Validation of Text Style Transfer Evaluation1 Jun 2023
- 2023Responsibility Perspective Transfer for Italian Femicide News1 Jun 2023
- 2023Balancing Effect of Training Dataset Distribution of Multiple Styles for Multi-Style Text Transfer24 May 2023
- 2023Don't Take This Out of Context! On the Need for Contextual Models and Evaluations for Stylistic Rewriting24 May 2023
- 2023Boosting Distress Support Dialogue Responses with Motivational Interviewing Strategy17 May 2023
- 2023Stylized Data-to-Text Generation: A Case Study in the E-Commerce Domain5 May 2023
- 2022LENS: A Learnable Evaluation Metric for Text Simplification19 Dec 2022
- 2022AutoTemplate: A Simple Recipe for Lexically Constrained Text Generation15 Nov 2022
- 2022On Text Style Transfer via Style Masked Language Models12 Oct 2022
- 2022A Comprehensive Survey of Natural Language Generation Advances from the Perspective of Digital Deception11 Aug 2022
- 2022RLPrompt: Optimizing Discrete Text Prompts with Reinforcement Learning25 May 2022
- 2022Prompt-and-Rerank: A Method for Zero-Shot and Few-Shot Arbitrary Textual Style Transfer with Small Language Models23 May 2022
- 2022Exploiting Social Media Content for Self-Supervised Style Transfer18 May 2022
- 2022Mitigating Toxic Degeneration with Empathetic Data: Exploring the Relationship Between Toxicity and Empathy15 May 2022
- 2022Towards Robust and Semantically Organised Latent Representations for Unsupervised Text Style Transfer4 May 2022
- 2022Non-Parallel Text Style Transfer with Self-Parallel Supervision18 Apr 2022
- 2022Human Judgement as a Compass to Navigate Automatic Metrics for Formality Transfer15 Apr 2022
- 2022Inducing Positive Perspectives with Text Reframing6 Apr 2022
- 2022Variational Autoencoder with Disentanglement Priors for Low-Resource Task-Specific Natural Language Generation27 Feb 2022
- 2021A Survey of Natural Language Generation22 Dec 2021
- 2021From Theories on Styles to their Transfer in Text: Bridging the Gap with a Hierarchical Survey29 Oct 2021
- 2021Evaluating the Evaluation Metrics for Style Transfer: A Case Study in Multilingual Formality Transfer20 Oct 2021
- 2021Few-shot Controllable Style Transfer for Low-Resource Multilingual Settings14 Oct 2021
- 2021The Perils of Using Mechanical Turk to Evaluate Open-Ended Text Generation14 Sep 2021
50 newest of 61 All 61 (JSON)
- 2022RLPrompt: Optimizing Discrete Text Prompts with Reinforcement Learningcited by 366
- 2021A Recipe For Arbitrary Text Style Transfer with Large Language Modelscited by 107
- 2021The Perils of Using Mechanical Turk to Evaluate Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 97
- 2021Compression, Transduction, and Creation: A Unified Framework for Evaluating Natural Language Generationcited by 60
- 2022LENS: A Learnable Evaluation Metric for Text Simplificationcited by 54
- 2021XFORMAL: A Benchmark for Multilingual Formality Style Transfercited by 52
- 2023ChatGPT vs Human-authored Text: Insights into Controllable Text Summarization and Sentence Style Transfercited by 50
- 2022Prompt-and-Rerank: A Method for Zero-Shot and Few-Shot Arbitrary Textual Style Transfer with Small Language Modelscited by 49
- 2021StylePTB: A Compositional Benchmark for Fine-grained Controllable Text Style Transfercited by 34
- 2022Inducing Positive Perspectives with Text Reframingcited by 31
- 2025Beyond the Surface: Measuring Self-Preference in LLM Judgmentscited by 31
- 2021Evaluating the Evaluation Metrics for Style Transfer: A Case Study in Multilingual Formality Transfercited by 25
12 most cited of 61 All 61 (JSON)
- 2026Fantastic Metrics and How to Find Them: Meta-Evaluating Metrics for Multi-lingual Style-Personalized Generation13 Oct 2026
- 2026Metric-Construction Coupling Inflates Measured Synthetic Dialect Recovery14 Sep 2026
- 2026Unsupervised Text Style Transfer for Controllable Intensity3 Jan 2026
- 2025Who's Asking? Simulating Role-Based Questions for Conversational AI Evaluation19 Oct 2025
- 2025Evaluating Style-Personalized Text Generation: Challenges and Directions8 Aug 2025
- 2025Beyond the Surface: Measuring Self-Preference in LLM Judgments3 Jun 2025
- 2025SynDec: A Synthesize-then-Decode Approach for Arbitrary Textual Style Transfer via Large Language Models19 May 2025
- 2025Steering Large Language Models with Register Analysis for Arbitrary Style Transfer1 May 2025
- 2025Masks and Mimicry: Strategic Obfuscation and Impersonation Attacks on Authorship Verification24 Mar 2025
- 2025Mind the Style Gap: Meta-Evaluation of Style and Attribute Transfer Metrics20 Feb 2025
- 2025Evaluating Text Style Transfer Evaluation: Are There Any Reliable Metrics?7 Feb 2025
- 2024Emotional RAG LLMs: Reading Comprehension for the Open Internet20 Aug 2024
12 newest of 61 All 61 (JSON)