Generative Adversarial Minority Oversampling
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Abstract (arXiv)
Class imbalance is a long-standing problem relevant to a number of real-world applications of deep learning. Oversampling techniques, which are effective for handling class imbalance in classical learning systems, can not be directly applied to end-to-end deep learning systems. We propose a three-player adversarial game between a convex generator, a multi-class classifier network, and a real/fake discriminator to perform oversampling in deep learning systems. The convex generator generates new samples from the minority classes as convex combinations of existing instances, aiming to fool both the discriminator as well as the classifier into misclassifying the generated samples. Consequently, the artificial samples are generated at critical locations near the peripheries of the classes. This, in turn, adjusts the classifier induced boundaries in a way which is more likely to reduce misclassification from the minority classes. Extensive experiments on multiple class imbalanced image datasets establish the efficacy of our proposal.
Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 24; 2022: 9; 2023: 13; 2024: 11; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.
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- 2021Contrastive Learning based Hybrid Networks for Long-Tailed Image Classificationcited by 130
- 2021The Majority Can Help The Minority: Context-rich Minority Oversampling for Long-tailed Classificationcited by 100
- 2021Influence-Balanced Loss for Imbalanced Visual Classificationcited by 91
- 2021DeepSMOTE: Fusing Deep Learning and SMOTE for Imbalanced Datacited by 62
- 2021On Exposing the Challenging Long Tail in Future Prediction of Traffic Actorscited by 48
- 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verifycited by 39
- 2021Towards Calibrated Model for Long-Tailed Visual Recognition from Prior Perspectivecited by 39
- 2021Equitable modelling of brain imaging by counterfactual augmentation with morphologically constrained 3D deep generative modelscited by 36
- 2023Fill-Up: Balancing Long-Tailed Data with Generative Modelscited by 34
- 2022SOS: Score-based Oversampling for Tabular Datacited by 29
- 2024A Systematic Review on Long-Tailed Learningcited by 27
- 2023Class-Imbalanced Learning on Graphs: A Surveycited by 24
38 more
- 2021SMOTified-GAN for class imbalanced pattern classification problemscited by 20
- 2021Class Balancing GAN with a Classifier in the Loopcited by 17
- 2021Pure Noise to the Rescue of Insufficient Data: Improving Imbalanced Classification by Training on Random Noise Imagescited by 16
- 2021Data synthesis and adversarial networks: A review and meta-analysis in cancer imagingcited by 15
- 2022Improving GANs for Long-Tailed Data through Group Spectral Regularizationcited by 14
- 2021Label-Aware Distribution Calibration for Long-tailed Classificationcited by 13
- 2021SMOTE-ENC: A novel SMOTE-based method to generate synthetic data for nominal and continuous featurescited by 12
- 2023Resolving the Imbalance Issue in Hierarchical Disciplinary Topic Inference via LLM-based Data Augmentationcited by 11
- 2021PLM: Partial Label Masking for Imbalanced Multi-label Classificationcited by 10
- 2023Generative Oversampling for Imbalanced Data via Majority-Guided VAEcited by 10
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Imbalanced Data Learningcited by 10
- 2022RareGAN: Generating Samples for Rare Classescited by 9
- 2022Semi-supervised Deep Learning for Image Classification with Distribution Mismatch: A Surveycited by 8
- 2023Interdisciplinary Fairness in Imbalanced Research Proposal Topic Inference: A Hierarchical Transformer-based Method with Selective Interpolationcited by 8
- 2024Taming the Tail in Class-Conditional GANs: Knowledge Sharing via Unconditional Training at Lower Resolutionscited by 8
- 2021Game of GANs: Game-Theoretical Models for Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 6
- 2022Efficient Augmentation for Imbalanced Deep Learningcited by 6
- 2024How does promoting the minority fraction affect generalization? A theoretical study of the one-hidden-layer neural network on group imbalancecited by 6
- 2021An Empirical Study on the Joint Impact of Feature Selection and Data Re-sampling on Imbalance Classificationcited by 5
- 2021Learning Fair Face Representation With Progressive Cross Transformercited by 4
- 2024AnchorAL: Computationally Efficient Active Learning for Large and Imbalanced Datasetscited by 4
- 2021Does Adversarial Oversampling Help us?cited by 3
- 2022Automated Imbalanced Learningcited by 3
- 2023Balanced Representation Learning for Long-tailed Skeleton-based Action Recognitioncited by 3
- 2023Diff-Oracle: Deciphering Oracle Bone Scripts with Controllable Diffusion Modelcited by 3
- 2025Deep Learning Meets Oversampling: A Learning Framework to Handle Imbalanced Classificationcited by 3
- 2026Multimodal Deep Generative Model for Semi-Supervised Learning under Class Imbalancecited by 3
- 2021On the combined effect of class imbalance and concept complexity in deep learningcited by 2
- 2023Dual Compensation Residual Networks for Class Imbalanced Learningcited by 2
- 2023A Distributed Approach to Meteorological Predictions: Addressing Data Imbalance in Precipitation Prediction Models through Federated Learning and GANscited by 2
- 2024AEMLO: AutoEncoder-Guided Multi-Label Oversamplingcited by 2
- 2024Long-Tailed Backdoor Attack Using Dynamic Data Augmentation Operationscited by 2
- 2021Look Before You Leap! Designing a Human-Centered AI System for Change Risk Assessmentcited by 1
- 2022Latent Preserving Generative Adversarial Network for Imbalance classificationcited by 1
- 2022Hierarchical MixUp Multi-label Classification with Imbalanced Interdisciplinary Research Proposalscited by 1
- 2024Synthetic Information towards Maximum Posterior Ratio for deep learning on Imbalanced Datacited by 1
- 2024Class-Balanced and Reinforced Active Learning on Graphscited by 1
- 2025Long-Tailed Recognition via Information-Preservable Two-Stage Learningcited by 1
50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026Class-Grouped Normalized Momentum and Faster Hyperparameter Exploration to Tackle Class Imbalance in Federated Learning1 Jul 2026
- 2026Multimodal Deep Generative Model for Semi-Supervised Learning under Class Imbalance7 May 2026
- 2026VAE-Inf: A statistically interpretable generative paradigm for imbalanced classification28 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond Imbalance Ratio: Data Characteristics as Critical Moderators of Oversampling Method Selection6 Apr 2026
- 2026Unbiased Model Prediction Without Using Protected Attribute Information31 Mar 2026
- 2026Geometric Manifold Rectification for Imbalanced Learning13 Feb 2026
- 2026GraphSB: Boosting Imbalanced Node Classification on Graphs through Structural Balance27 Jan 2026
- 2025GraphSB: Boosting Imbalanced Node Classification on Graphs through Structural Balance13 Nov 2025
- 2025Long-Tailed Recognition via Information-Preservable Two-Stage Learning9 Oct 2025
- 2025Learning Majority-to-Minority Transformations with MMD and Triplet Loss for Imbalanced Classification15 Sep 2025
- 2025AxelSMOTE: An Agent-Based Oversampling Algorithm for Imbalanced Classification8 Sep 2025
- 2025DO-IQS: Dynamics-Aware Offline Inverse Q-Learning for Optimal Stopping with Unknown Gain Functions5 Mar 2025
38 more
- 2025A Comprehensive Survey on Imbalanced Data Learning13 Feb 2025
- 2025Deep Learning Meets Oversampling: A Learning Framework to Handle Imbalanced Classification8 Feb 2025
- 2025UPL: Uncertainty-aware Pseudo-labeling for Imbalance Transductive Node Classification2 Feb 2025
- 2024Class-Aware Contrastive Optimization for Imbalanced Text Classification29 Oct 2024
- 2024Long-Tailed Backdoor Attack Using Dynamic Data Augmentation Operations16 Oct 2024
- 2024Recovering Global Data Distribution Locally in Federated Learning21 Sep 2024
- 2024Efficient Classification of Histopathology Images8 Sep 2024
- 2024AEMLO: AutoEncoder-Guided Multi-Label Oversampling23 Aug 2024
- 2024A Systematic Review on Long-Tailed Learning1 Aug 2024
- 2024AnchorAL: Computationally Efficient Active Learning for Large and Imbalanced Datasets8 Apr 2024
- 2024How does promoting the minority fraction affect generalization? A theoretical study of the one-hidden-layer neural network on group imbalance12 Mar 2024
- 2024Taming the Tail in Class-Conditional GANs: Knowledge Sharing via Unconditional Training at Lower Resolutions26 Feb 2024
- 2024Class-Balanced and Reinforced Active Learning on Graphs15 Feb 2024
- 2024Synthetic Information towards Maximum Posterior Ratio for deep learning on Imbalanced Data5 Jan 2024
- 2023Diff-Oracle: Deciphering Oracle Bone Scripts with Controllable Diffusion Model21 Dec 2023
- 2023Combining propensity score methods with variational autoencoders for generating synthetic data in presence of latent sub-groups12 Dec 2023
- 2023A Distributed Approach to Meteorological Predictions: Addressing Data Imbalance in Precipitation Prediction Models through Federated Learning and GANs19 Oct 2023
- 2023Resolving the Imbalance Issue in Hierarchical Disciplinary Topic Inference via LLM-based Data Augmentation9 Oct 2023
- 2023Interdisciplinary Fairness in Imbalanced Research Proposal Topic Inference: A Hierarchical Transformer-based Method with Selective Interpolation4 Sep 2023
- 2023Balanced Representation Learning for Long-tailed Skeleton-based Action Recognition27 Aug 2023
- 2023Dual Compensation Residual Networks for Class Imbalanced Learning25 Aug 2023
- 2023Fair GANs through model rebalancing for extremely imbalanced class distributions16 Aug 2023
- 2023Class Instance Balanced Learning for Long-Tailed Classification11 Jul 2023
- 2023Fill-Up: Balancing Long-Tailed Data with Generative Models12 Jun 2023
- 2023A Semi-Supervised Framework for Misinformation Detection22 Apr 2023
- 2023Class-Imbalanced Learning on Graphs: A Survey9 Apr 2023
- 2023Generative Oversampling for Imbalanced Data via Majority-Guided VAE14 Feb 2023
- 2022Automated Imbalanced Learning1 Nov 2022
- 2022Hierarchical MixUp Multi-label Classification with Imbalanced Interdisciplinary Research Proposals28 Sep 2022
- 2022Latent Preserving Generative Adversarial Network for Imbalance classification4 Sep 2022
- 2022Improving GANs for Long-Tailed Data through Group Spectral Regularization21 Aug 2022
- 2022Efficient Augmentation for Imbalanced Deep Learning13 Jul 2022
- 2022SOS: Score-based Oversampling for Tabular Data17 Jun 2022
- 2022GAN based Data Augmentation to Resolve Class Imbalance12 Jun 2022
- 2022RareGAN: Generating Samples for Rare Classes20 Mar 2022
- 2022Semi-supervised Deep Learning for Image Classification with Distribution Mismatch: A Survey1 Mar 2022
- 2021Pure Noise to the Rescue of Insufficient Data: Improving Imbalanced Classification by Training on Random Noise Images16 Dec 2021
- 2021Semantic Map Injected GAN Training for Image-to-Image Translation3 Dec 2021
50 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2021Contrastive Learning based Hybrid Networks for Long-Tailed Image Classificationcited by 130
- 2021The Majority Can Help The Minority: Context-rich Minority Oversampling for Long-tailed Classificationcited by 100
- 2021Influence-Balanced Loss for Imbalanced Visual Classificationcited by 91
- 2021DeepSMOTE: Fusing Deep Learning and SMOTE for Imbalanced Datacited by 62
- 2021On Exposing the Challenging Long Tail in Future Prediction of Traffic Actorscited by 48
- 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verifycited by 39
- 2021Towards Calibrated Model for Long-Tailed Visual Recognition from Prior Perspectivecited by 39
- 2021Equitable modelling of brain imaging by counterfactual augmentation with morphologically constrained 3D deep generative modelscited by 36
- 2023Fill-Up: Balancing Long-Tailed Data with Generative Modelscited by 34
- 2024A Systematic Review on Long-Tailed Learningcited by 27
- 2023Class-Imbalanced Learning on Graphs: A Surveycited by 24
- 2021SMOTified-GAN for class imbalanced pattern classification problemscited by 20
12 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026Class-Grouped Normalized Momentum and Faster Hyperparameter Exploration to Tackle Class Imbalance in Federated Learning1 Jul 2026
- 2026Multimodal Deep Generative Model for Semi-Supervised Learning under Class Imbalance7 May 2026
- 2026VAE-Inf: A statistically interpretable generative paradigm for imbalanced classification28 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond Imbalance Ratio: Data Characteristics as Critical Moderators of Oversampling Method Selection6 Apr 2026
- 2026Unbiased Model Prediction Without Using Protected Attribute Information31 Mar 2026
- 2026Geometric Manifold Rectification for Imbalanced Learning13 Feb 2026
- 2026GraphSB: Boosting Imbalanced Node Classification on Graphs through Structural Balance27 Jan 2026
- 2025GraphSB: Boosting Imbalanced Node Classification on Graphs through Structural Balance13 Nov 2025
- 2025Long-Tailed Recognition via Information-Preservable Two-Stage Learning9 Oct 2025
- 2025Learning Majority-to-Minority Transformations with MMD and Triplet Loss for Imbalanced Classification15 Sep 2025
- 2025AxelSMOTE: An Agent-Based Oversampling Algorithm for Imbalanced Classification8 Sep 2025
- 2025DO-IQS: Dynamics-Aware Offline Inverse Q-Learning for Optimal Stopping with Unknown Gain Functions5 Mar 2025
12 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)