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Viable Dependency Parsing as Sequence Labeling

arXiv 1902.10505 ↗First posted 27 Feb 2019cs.CL cs.LGcited by 34

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Abstract (arXiv)

We recast dependency parsing as a sequence labeling problem, exploring several encodings of dependency trees as labels. While dependency parsing by means of sequence labeling had been attempted in existing work, results suggested that the technique was impractical. We show instead that with a conventional BiLSTM-based model it is possible to obtain fast and accurate parsers. These parsers are conceptually simple, not needing traditional parsing algorithms or auxiliary structures. However, experiments on the PTB and a sample of UD treebanks show that they provide a good speed-accuracy tradeoff, with results competitive with more complex approaches.

Key facts. Cited by 34 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 Feb 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 7; 2023: 6; 2024: 6; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.

34 papers.

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  1. 2021Paradigm Shift in Natural Language Processingcited by 39
  2. 2021A Modest Pareto Optimisation Analysis of Dependency Parsers in 2021cited by 9
  3. 20234 and 7-bit Labeling for Projective and Non-Projective Dependency Treescited by 8
  4. 2021Bertinho: Galician BERT Representationscited by 7
  5. 2021Not All Linearizations Are Equally Data-Hungry in Sequence Labeling Parsingcited by 7
  6. 2021Training dataset and dictionary sizes matter in BERT models: the case of Baltic languagescited by 7
  7. 2021Replicating and Extending "Because Their Treebanks Leak": Graph Isomorphism, Covariants, and Parser Performancecited by 5
  8. 2021Evaluation of contextual embeddings on less-resourced languagescited by 4
  9. 2022Structure-Unified M-Tree Coding Solver for MathWord Problemcited by 4
  10. 2023Hexatagging: Projective Dependency Parsing as Taggingcited by 3
  11. 2023Structural Ambiguity and its Disambiguation in Language Model Based Parsers: the Case of Dutch Clause Relativizationcited by 2
  12. 2023Linear-Time Modeling of Linguistic Structure: An Order-Theoretic Perspectivecited by 2
22 more
  1. 2023Assessment of Pre-Trained Models Across Languages and Grammarscited by 2
  2. 2023On the Challenges of Fully Incremental Neural Dependency Parsingcited by 2
  3. 2024What has LeBenchmark Learnt about French Syntax?cited by 2
  4. 2024A Syntax-Injected Approach for Faster and More Accurate Sentiment Analysiscited by 2
  5. 2024Dancing in the syntax forest: fast, accurate and explainable sentiment analysis with SALSAcited by 2
  6. 2024Dependency Graph Parsing as Sequence Labelingcited by 2
  7. 2025Parsing the Switch: LLM-Based UD Annotation for Complex Code-Switched and Low-Resource Languagescited by 2
  8. 2021Splitting EUD graphs into trees: A quick and clatty approachcited by 1
  9. 2022Parsing linearizations appreciate PoS tags - but some are fussy about errorscited by 1
  10. 2024When Only Time Will Tell: Interpreting How Transformers Process Local Ambiguities Through the Lens of Restart-Incrementalitycited by 1
  11. 2025Hierarchical Bracketing Encodings for Dependency Parsing as Taggingcited by 1
  12. 2025Bringing Emerging Architectures to Sequence Labeling in NLPcited by 1
  13. 2022Schema-Free Dependency Parsing via Sequence Generationcited by 0
  14. 2022Cross-lingual Inflection as a Data Augmentation Method for Parsingcited by 0
  15. 2022The Fragility of Multi-Treebank Parsing Evaluationcited by 0
  16. 2022The Impact of Edge Displacement Vaserstein Distance on UD Parsing Performancecited by 0
  17. 2022On Parsing as Taggingcited by 0
  18. 2024Textless Dependency Parsing by Labeled Sequence Predictioncited by 0
  19. 2025Dependency Parsing with the Structuralized Prompt Templatecited by 0
  20. 2025Hierarchical Bracketing Encodings Work for Dependency Graphscited by 0
  21. 2026Formal Constraints on Dependency Syntaxcited by 0
  22. 2026Multi-Task Learning by using Contextualized Word Representations for Syntactic Parsing of a Morphologically Rich Languagecited by 0