mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Hierarchical Bracketing Encodings for Dependency Parsing as Tagging

arXiv 2505.11693 ↗First posted 16 May 2025cs.CLcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present a family of encodings for sequence labeling dependency parsing, based on the concept of hierarchical bracketing. We prove that the existing 4-bit projective encoding belongs to this family, but it is suboptimal in the number of labels used to encode a tree. We derive an optimal hierarchical bracketing, which minimizes the number of symbols used and encodes projective trees using only 12 distinct labels (vs. 16 for the 4-bit encoding). We also extend optimal hierarchical bracketing to support arbitrary non-projectivity in a more compact way than previous encodings. Our new encodings yield competitive accuracy on a diverse set of treebanks.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 May 2025.

Builds on

11 of 23 references.

References · 11

  1. 2019Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scalecited by 3,935
  2. 2019XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understandingcited by 2,811
  3. 2015Empirical Evaluation of Rectified Activations in Convolutional Networkcited by 519
  4. 2016Deep Biaffine Attention for Neural Dependency Parsingcited by 334
  5. 2020Universal Dependencies v2: An Evergrowing Multilingual Treebank Collectioncited by 271
  6. 2019Viable Dependency Parsing as Sequence Labelingcited by 34
  7. 2020Bracketing Encodings for 2-Planar Dependency Parsingcited by 15
  8. 2020A Unifying Theory of Transition-based and Sequence Labeling Parsingcited by 12
  9. 20234 and 7-bit Labeling for Projective and Non-Projective Dependency Treescited by 8
  10. 2021Not All Linearizations Are Equally Data-Hungry in Sequence Labeling Parsingcited by 7
  11. 2017Generic Axiomatization of Families of Noncrossing Graphs in Dependency Parsingcited by 4

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Citing papers per year: 2025: 1.

1 paper.

  1. 2025Hierarchical Bracketing Encodings Work for Dependency Graphscited by 0

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  1. 2025Bringing Emerging Architectures to Sequence Labeling in NLP
  2. 2025Step-by-step Instructions and a Simple Tabular Output Format Improve the Dependency Parsing Accuracy of LLMs
  3. 2022Probing for Labeled Dependency Trees
  4. 2026MinerU2.5-Pro: Pushing the Limits of Data-Centric Document Parsing at Scale
  5. 2026DIRECT: Direct Decoding for Efficient and Aligned Sequence Labeling with Large Language Models
  6. 2026Structure-Aware Semantic Chunking with Title-Chain Prefixes: A 1600-Query Evaluation and the Measurement Trap in Text-Transform Ablations
  7. 2026The Communication Bottleneck: A Round-Trip Study of Tree-Structured Expression Serialization in Language Models
  8. 2026HPD-Parsing: Hierarchical Parallel Document Parsing