mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Evaluating Word Embedding Models: Methods and Experimental Results

arXiv 1901.09785 ↗First posted 28 Jan 2019cs.CLcited by 37

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Extensive evaluation on a large number of word embedding models for language processing applications is conducted in this work. First, we introduce popular word embedding models and discuss desired properties of word models and evaluation methods (or evaluators). Then, we categorize evaluators into intrinsic and extrinsic two types. Intrinsic evaluators test the quality of a representation independent of specific natural language processing tasks while extrinsic evaluators use word embeddings as input features to a downstream task and measure changes in performance metrics specific to that task. We report experimental results of intrinsic and extrinsic evaluators on six word embedding models. It is shown that different evaluators focus on different aspects of word models, and some are more correlated with natural language processing tasks. Finally, we adopt correlation analysis to study performance consistency of extrinsic and intrinsic evalutors.

Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 Jan 2019.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 12; 2023: 4; 2024: 8; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.

37 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2021All Bark and No Bite: Rogue Dimensions in Transformer Language Models Obscure Representational Qualitycited by 150
  2. 2022Just Rank: Rethinking Evaluation with Word and Sentence Similaritiescited by 20
  3. 2021Low Anisotropy Sense Retrofitting (LASeR) : Towards Isotropic and Sense Enriched Representationscited by 13
  4. 2021Using Language Model to Bootstrap Human Activity Recognition Ambient Sensors Based in Smart Homescited by 12
  5. 2024Natural Language Processing Methods for Symbolic Music Generation and Information Retrieval: a Surveycited by 10
  6. 2022Robust Natural Language Processing: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 9
  7. 2022Imputing Out-of-Vocabulary Embeddings with LOVE Makes Language Models Robust with Little Costcited by 9
  8. 2021Learning Zero-Shot Multifaceted Visually Grounded Word Embeddings via Multi-Task Trainingcited by 8
  9. 2021Summarising Historical Text in Modern Languagescited by 6
  10. 2023An evaluation of Google Translate for Sanskrit to English translation via sentiment and semantic analysiscited by 6
  11. 2024From Word Vectors to Multimodal Embeddings: Techniques, Applications, and Future Directions For Large Language Modelscited by 6
  12. 2022Language with Vision: a Study on Grounded Word and Sentence Embeddingscited by 5
25 more
  1. 2021Regularizing Transformers With Deep Probabilistic Layerscited by 4
  2. 2022Getting BART to Ride the Idiomatic Train: Learning to Represent Idiomatic Expressionscited by 4
  3. 2025From Topology to Retrieval: Decoding Embedding Spaces with Unified Signaturescited by 4
  4. 2022Word Embedding for Social Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Surveycited by 3
  5. 2022Semantic properties of English nominal pluralization: Insights from word embeddingscited by 2
  6. 2022Making sense of spoken pluralscited by 2
  7. 2022Gender bias in (non)-contextual clinical word embeddings for stereotypical medical categoriescited by 2
  8. 2023Benchmarking and Analyzing In-context Learning, Fine-tuning and Supervised Learning for Biomedical Knowledge Curation: a focused study on chemical entities of biological interestcited by 2
  9. 2024A Comprehensive Analysis of Static Word Embeddings for Turkishcited by 2
  10. 2024Latent Structures of Intertextuality in French Fictioncited by 2
  11. 2023A Comprehensive Empirical Evaluation of Existing Word Embedding Approachescited by 1
  12. 2024Manufacturing Service Capability Prediction with Graph Neural Networkscited by 1
  13. 2024Bias in Text Embedding Modelscited by 1
  14. 2021Hybrid deep learning methods for phenotype prediction from clinical notescited by 0
  15. 2022Regional Differences in Information Privacy Concerns After the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica Data Scandalcited by 0
  16. 2022An Evaluation Dataset for Legal Word Embedding: A Case Study On Chinese Codexcited by 0
  17. 2022How direct is the link between words and images?cited by 0
  18. 2023Beyond Accuracy: Measuring Representation Capacity of Embeddings to Preserve Structural and Contextual Informationcited by 0
  19. 2024Word Embedding Dimension Reduction via Weakly-Supervised Feature Selectioncited by 0
  20. 2024Generative Language Models Potential for Requirement Engineering Applications: Insights into Current Strengths and Limitationscited by 0
  21. 2025Set-Theoretic Compositionality of Sentence Embeddingscited by 0
  22. 2025Combining Discrete Wavelet and Cosine Transforms for Efficient Sentence Embeddingcited by 0
  23. 2025Towards the Next-generation Bayesian Network Classifierscited by 0
  24. 2025Deep Learning-Based Approach for Improving Relational Aggregated Searchcited by 0
  25. 2026How Do AI Coding Agents Contribute to Software Development? an Empirical Study of Agentic Pull Requestscited by 0