A Machine Learning Benchmark for Facies Classification
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Abstract (arXiv)
The recent interest in using deep learning for seismic interpretation tasks, such as facies classification, has been facing a significant obstacle, namely the absence of large publicly available annotated datasets for training and testing models. As a result, researchers have often resorted to annotating their own training and testing data. However, different researchers may annotate different classes, or use different train and test splits. In addition, it is common for papers that apply machine learning for facies classification to not contain quantitative results, and rather rely solely on visual inspection of the results. All of these practices have lead to subjective results and have greatly hindered the ability to compare different machine learning models against each other and understand the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. To address these issues, we open-source a fully-annotated 3D geological model of the Netherlands F3 Block. This model is based on the study of the 3D seismic data in addition to 26 well logs, and is grounded on the careful study of the geology of the region. Furthermore, we propose two baseline models for facies classification based on a deconvolution network architecture and make their codes publicly available. Finally, we propose a scheme for evaluating different models on this dataset, and we share the results of our baseline models. In addition to making the dataset and the code publicly available, this work helps advance research in this area by creating an objective benchmark for comparing the results of different machine learning approaches for facies classification.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Jan 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 6; 2023: 4; 2024: 4; 2025: 3; 2026: 7.
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- 2022Implicit Full Waveform Inversion with Deep Neural Representationcited by 26
- 2022OLIVES Dataset: Ophthalmic Labels for Investigating Visual Eye Semanticscited by 23
- 2021Extracting Causal Visual Features for Limited label Classificationcited by 12
- 2022Volumetric Supervised Contrastive Learning for Seismic Semantic Segmentationcited by 12
- 2023FOCAL: A Cost-Aware Video Dataset for Active Learningcited by 9
- 2022Man-recon: manifold learning for reconstruction with deep autoencoder for smart seismic interpretationcited by 7
- 2023Explaining Deep Models through Forgettable Learning Dynamicscited by 7
- 2024Benchmarking Human and Automated Prompting in the Segment Anything Modelcited by 6
- 2023Example Forgetting: A Novel Approach to Explain and Interpret Deep Neural Networks in Seismic Interpretationcited by 4
- 2025A Large-scale Benchmark on Geological Fault Delineation Models: Domain Shift, Training Dynamics, Generalizability, Evaluation and Inferential Behaviorcited by 4
- 2021Self-Supervised Delineation of Geological Structures using Orthogonal Latent Space Projectioncited by 2
- 2024CRACKS: Crowdsourcing Resources for Analysis and Categorization of Key Subsurface faultscited by 2
15 more
- 2022Explainable Machine Learning for Hydrocarbon Prospect Riskingcited by 1
- 2023ContrasInver: Ultra-Sparse Label Semi-supervised Regression for Multi-dimensional Seismic Inversioncited by 1
- 2026BALD-SAM: Disagreement-based Active Prompting in Interactive Segmentationcited by 1
- 2026OpenSeisML: Open Large-Scale Real Seismic and well-log Dataset for Generative AIcited by 1
- 2021Learning velocity model for complex media with deep convolutional neural networkscited by 0
- 2022CONSS: Contrastive Learning Approach for Semi-Supervised Seismic Facies Classificationcited by 0
- 2024Efficient 3D affinely equivariant CNNs with adaptive fusion of augmented spherical Fourier-Bessel basescited by 0
- 2024Effective Data Selection for Seismic Interpretation through Disagreementcited by 0
- 2025AdaSemSeg: An Adaptive Few-shot Semantic Segmentation of Seismic Faciescited by 0
- 2025Geological Everything Model 3D: A Promptable Foundation Model for Unified and Zero-Shot Subsurface Understandingcited by 0
- 2026Scale-Aware Self-Supervised Learning for Segmentation of Small and Sparse Structurescited by 0
- 2026A General-Purpose Diversified 2D Seismic Image Dataset from NAMSScited by 0
- 2026RADMI: Latent Information Aggregation as a Proxy for Model Uncertaintycited by 0
- 2026Consensus-gated Multi-Agent Neural Architecture Search for Seismic Fault Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026Voxel-based 3D Facies Segmentation from Seismic Data: A Comparative Studycited by 0
- 2026Voxel-based 3D Facies Segmentation from Seismic Data: A Comparative Study14 Aug 2026
- 2026Consensus-gated Multi-Agent Neural Architecture Search for Seismic Fault Segmentation14 Aug 2026
- 2026OpenSeisML: Open Large-Scale Real Seismic and well-log Dataset for Generative AI19 May 2026
- 2026RADMI: Latent Information Aggregation as a Proxy for Model Uncertainty2 May 2026
- 2026BALD-SAM: Disagreement-based Active Prompting in Interactive Segmentation11 Mar 2026
- 2026A General-Purpose Diversified 2D Seismic Image Dataset from NAMSS27 Jan 2026
- 2026Scale-Aware Self-Supervised Learning for Segmentation of Small and Sparse Structures26 Jan 2026
- 2025Geological Everything Model 3D: A Promptable Foundation Model for Unified and Zero-Shot Subsurface Understanding1 Jul 2025
- 2025A Large-scale Benchmark on Geological Fault Delineation Models: Domain Shift, Training Dynamics, Generalizability, Evaluation and Inferential Behavior13 May 2025
- 2025AdaSemSeg: An Adaptive Few-shot Semantic Segmentation of Seismic Facies28 Jan 2025
- 2024Benchmarking Human and Automated Prompting in the Segment Anything Model29 Oct 2024
- 2024CRACKS: Crowdsourcing Resources for Analysis and Categorization of Key Subsurface faults20 Aug 2024
15 more
- 2024Effective Data Selection for Seismic Interpretation through Disagreement1 Jun 2024
- 2024Efficient 3D affinely equivariant CNNs with adaptive fusion of augmented spherical Fourier-Bessel bases26 Feb 2024
- 2023FOCAL: A Cost-Aware Video Dataset for Active Learning17 Nov 2023
- 2023Example Forgetting: A Novel Approach to Explain and Interpret Deep Neural Networks in Seismic Interpretation24 Feb 2023
- 2023ContrasInver: Ultra-Sparse Label Semi-supervised Regression for Multi-dimensional Seismic Inversion13 Feb 2023
- 2023Explaining Deep Models through Forgettable Learning Dynamics10 Jan 2023
- 2022Man-recon: manifold learning for reconstruction with deep autoencoder for smart seismic interpretation15 Dec 2022
- 2022Explainable Machine Learning for Hydrocarbon Prospect Risking15 Dec 2022
- 2022CONSS: Contrastive Learning Approach for Semi-Supervised Seismic Facies Classification10 Oct 2022
- 2022OLIVES Dataset: Ophthalmic Labels for Investigating Visual Eye Semantics22 Sep 2022
- 2022Implicit Full Waveform Inversion with Deep Neural Representation8 Sep 2022
- 2022Volumetric Supervised Contrastive Learning for Seismic Semantic Segmentation16 Jun 2022
- 2021Learning velocity model for complex media with deep convolutional neural networks16 Oct 2021
- 2021Self-Supervised Delineation of Geological Structures using Orthogonal Latent Space Projection22 Aug 2021
- 2021Extracting Causal Visual Features for Limited label Classification23 Mar 2021
- 2022Implicit Full Waveform Inversion with Deep Neural Representationcited by 26
- 2022OLIVES Dataset: Ophthalmic Labels for Investigating Visual Eye Semanticscited by 23
- 2021Extracting Causal Visual Features for Limited label Classificationcited by 12
- 2022Volumetric Supervised Contrastive Learning for Seismic Semantic Segmentationcited by 12
- 2023FOCAL: A Cost-Aware Video Dataset for Active Learningcited by 9
- 2022Man-recon: manifold learning for reconstruction with deep autoencoder for smart seismic interpretationcited by 7
- 2023Explaining Deep Models through Forgettable Learning Dynamicscited by 7
- 2024Benchmarking Human and Automated Prompting in the Segment Anything Modelcited by 6
- 2023Example Forgetting: A Novel Approach to Explain and Interpret Deep Neural Networks in Seismic Interpretationcited by 4
- 2025A Large-scale Benchmark on Geological Fault Delineation Models: Domain Shift, Training Dynamics, Generalizability, Evaluation and Inferential Behaviorcited by 4
- 2021Self-Supervised Delineation of Geological Structures using Orthogonal Latent Space Projectioncited by 2
- 2024CRACKS: Crowdsourcing Resources for Analysis and Categorization of Key Subsurface faultscited by 2
12 most cited of 26 All 26 (JSON)
- 2026Voxel-based 3D Facies Segmentation from Seismic Data: A Comparative Study14 Aug 2026
- 2026OpenSeisML: Open Large-Scale Real Seismic and well-log Dataset for Generative AI19 May 2026
- 2026RADMI: Latent Information Aggregation as a Proxy for Model Uncertainty2 May 2026
- 2026BALD-SAM: Disagreement-based Active Prompting in Interactive Segmentation11 Mar 2026
- 2026A General-Purpose Diversified 2D Seismic Image Dataset from NAMSS27 Jan 2026
- 2026Scale-Aware Self-Supervised Learning for Segmentation of Small and Sparse Structures26 Jan 2026
- 2025Geological Everything Model 3D: A Promptable Foundation Model for Unified and Zero-Shot Subsurface Understanding1 Jul 2025
- 2025A Large-scale Benchmark on Geological Fault Delineation Models: Domain Shift, Training Dynamics, Generalizability, Evaluation and Inferential Behavior13 May 2025
- 2025AdaSemSeg: An Adaptive Few-shot Semantic Segmentation of Seismic Facies28 Jan 2025
- 2024Benchmarking Human and Automated Prompting in the Segment Anything Model29 Oct 2024
- 2024CRACKS: Crowdsourcing Resources for Analysis and Categorization of Key Subsurface faults20 Aug 2024
- 2024Effective Data Selection for Seismic Interpretation through Disagreement1 Jun 2024
12 newest of 26 All 26 (JSON)