TF-Ranking: Scalable TensorFlow Library for Learning-to-Rank
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Abstract (arXiv)
Learning-to-Rank deals with maximizing the utility of a list of examples presented to the user, with items of higher relevance being prioritized. It has several practical applications such as large-scale search, recommender systems, document summarization and question answering. While there is widespread support for classification and regression based learning, support for learning-to-rank in deep learning has been limited. We propose TensorFlow Ranking, the first open source library for solving large-scale ranking problems in a deep learning framework. It is highly configurable and provides easy-to-use APIs to support different scoring mechanisms, loss functions and evaluation metrics in the learning-to-rank setting. Our library is developed on top of TensorFlow and can thus fully leverage the advantages of this platform. For example, it is highly scalable, both in training and in inference, and can be used to learn ranking models over massive amounts of user activity data, which can include heterogeneous dense and sparse features. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our library in learning ranking functions for large-scale search and recommendation applications in Gmail and Google Drive. We also show that ranking models built using our model scale well for distributed training, without significant impact on metrics. The proposed library is available to the open source community, with the hope that it facilitates further academic research and industrial applications in the field of learning-to-rank.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Nov 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 10; 2023: 6; 2024: 3; 2025: 3; 2026: 3.
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- 2022On the Factory Floor: ML Engineering for Industrial-Scale Ads Recommendation Modelscited by 34
- 2021Argument Undermining: Counter-Argument Generation by Attacking Weak Premisescited by 22
- 2022Large-scale Stochastic Optimization of NDCG Surrogates for Deep Learning with Provable Convergencecited by 22
- 2022Joint Optimization of Ranking and Calibration with Contextualized Hybrid Modelcited by 22
- 2023LibAUC: A Deep Learning Library for X-Risk Optimizationcited by 15
- 2022A Neural Pairwise Ranking Model for Readability Assessmentcited by 14
- 2022KEEP: An Industrial Pre-Training Framework for Online Recommendation via Knowledge Extraction and Pluggingcited by 11
- 2023COPR: Consistency-Oriented Pre-Ranking for Online Advertisingcited by 10
- 2024Unbiased Learning to Rank Meets Reality: Lessons from Baidu's Large-Scale Search Datasetcited by 10
- 2022ED2LM: Encoder-Decoder to Language Model for Faster Document Re-ranking Inferencecited by 9
- 2023Adaptive Neural Ranking Framework: Toward Maximized Business Goal for Cascade Ranking Systemscited by 6
- 2021On the Challenges of Evaluating Compositional Explanations in Multi-Hop Inference: Relevance, Completeness, and Expert Ratingscited by 5
20 more
- 2021CODER: An efficient framework for improving retrieval through COntextual Document Embedding Rerankingcited by 4
- 2021"It doesn't look good for a date": Transforming Critiques into Preferences for Conversational Recommendation Systemscited by 3
- 2022Learning to Rank For Push Notifications Using Pairwise Expected Regretcited by 3
- 2023Reusable Self-Attention Recommender Systems in Fashion Industry Applicationscited by 3
- 2021Rank4Class: A Ranking Formulation for Multiclass Classificationcited by 2
- 2022Reusable Self-Attention-based Recommender System for Fashioncited by 2
- 2023Feature Engineering in Learning-to-Rank for Community Question Answering Taskcited by 2
- 2024A Self-boosted Framework for Calibrated Rankingcited by 2
- 2025Bipartite Ranking From Multiple Labels: On Loss Versus Label Aggregationcited by 2
- 2026LURE-RAG: Lightweight Utility-driven Reranking for Efficient RAGcited by 2
- 2022Learning Neural Ranking Models Online from Implicit User Feedbackcited by 1
- 2021Federated Unbiased Learning to Rankcited by 0
- 2021Unbiased Pairwise Learning to Rank in Recommender Systemscited by 0
- 2022Learning to Rank Graph-based Application Objects on Heterogeneous Memoriescited by 0
- 2023Improving the Security of Smartwatch Payment with Deep Learningcited by 0
- 2024UserBoost: Generating User-specific Synthetic Data for Faster Enrolment into Behavioural Biometric Systemscited by 0
- 2025Weak Supervision for Improved Precision in Search Systemscited by 0
- 2025Synthetic Prefixes to Mitigate Bias in Real-Time Neural Query Autocompletecited by 0
- 2026A Hybrid LTR-based System via Social Context Embedding for Recommending Solutions of Software Bugs in Developer Communitiescited by 0
- 2026Exposure-Based Reinforcement Learning to Rankcited by 0
- 2026Exposure-Based Reinforcement Learning to Rank21 Jul 2026
- 2026A Hybrid LTR-based System via Social Context Embedding for Recommending Solutions of Software Bugs in Developer Communities7 Mar 2026
- 2026LURE-RAG: Lightweight Utility-driven Reranking for Efficient RAG27 Jan 2026
- 2025Synthetic Prefixes to Mitigate Bias in Real-Time Neural Query Autocomplete2 Oct 2025
- 2025Bipartite Ranking From Multiple Labels: On Loss Versus Label Aggregation15 Apr 2025
- 2025Weak Supervision for Improved Precision in Search Systems10 Mar 2025
- 2024UserBoost: Generating User-specific Synthetic Data for Faster Enrolment into Behavioural Biometric Systems12 Jul 2024
- 2024A Self-boosted Framework for Calibrated Ranking12 Jun 2024
- 2024Unbiased Learning to Rank Meets Reality: Lessons from Baidu's Large-Scale Search Dataset3 Apr 2024
- 2023Adaptive Neural Ranking Framework: Toward Maximized Business Goal for Cascade Ranking Systems16 Oct 2023
- 2023Feature Engineering in Learning-to-Rank for Community Question Answering Task14 Sep 2023
- 2023Improving the Security of Smartwatch Payment with Deep Learning11 Jul 2023
20 more
- 2023COPR: Consistency-Oriented Pre-Ranking for Online Advertising6 Jun 2023
- 2023LibAUC: A Deep Learning Library for X-Risk Optimization5 Jun 2023
- 2023Reusable Self-Attention Recommender Systems in Fashion Industry Applications17 Jan 2023
- 2022Reusable Self-Attention-based Recommender System for Fashion29 Nov 2022
- 2022Learning to Rank Graph-based Application Objects on Heterogeneous Memories4 Nov 2022
- 2022On the Factory Floor: ML Engineering for Industrial-Scale Ads Recommendation Models12 Sep 2022
- 2022KEEP: An Industrial Pre-Training Framework for Online Recommendation via Knowledge Extraction and Plugging22 Aug 2022
- 2022Joint Optimization of Ranking and Calibration with Contextualized Hybrid Model12 Aug 2022
- 2022ED2LM: Encoder-Decoder to Language Model for Faster Document Re-ranking Inference25 Apr 2022
- 2022A Neural Pairwise Ranking Model for Readability Assessment14 Mar 2022
- 2022Large-scale Stochastic Optimization of NDCG Surrogates for Deep Learning with Provable Convergence24 Feb 2022
- 2022Learning to Rank For Push Notifications Using Pairwise Expected Regret19 Jan 2022
- 2022Learning Neural Ranking Models Online from Implicit User Feedback17 Jan 2022
- 2021Rank4Class: A Ranking Formulation for Multiclass Classification17 Dec 2021
- 2021CODER: An efficient framework for improving retrieval through COntextual Document Embedding Reranking16 Dec 2021
- 2021Unbiased Pairwise Learning to Rank in Recommender Systems25 Nov 2021
- 2021"It doesn't look good for a date": Transforming Critiques into Preferences for Conversational Recommendation Systems15 Sep 2021
- 2021On the Challenges of Evaluating Compositional Explanations in Multi-Hop Inference: Relevance, Completeness, and Expert Ratings7 Sep 2021
- 2021Argument Undermining: Counter-Argument Generation by Attacking Weak Premises25 May 2021
- 2021Federated Unbiased Learning to Rank11 May 2021
- 2026Exposure-Based Reinforcement Learning to Rankcited by 0
- 2026Exposure-Based Reinforcement Learning to Rank21 Jul 2026
- 2022On the Factory Floor: ML Engineering for Industrial-Scale Ads Recommendation Modelscited by 34
- 2021Argument Undermining: Counter-Argument Generation by Attacking Weak Premisescited by 22
- 2022Large-scale Stochastic Optimization of NDCG Surrogates for Deep Learning with Provable Convergencecited by 22
- 2022Joint Optimization of Ranking and Calibration with Contextualized Hybrid Modelcited by 22
- 2023LibAUC: A Deep Learning Library for X-Risk Optimizationcited by 15
- 2022A Neural Pairwise Ranking Model for Readability Assessmentcited by 14
- 2022KEEP: An Industrial Pre-Training Framework for Online Recommendation via Knowledge Extraction and Pluggingcited by 11
- 2023COPR: Consistency-Oriented Pre-Ranking for Online Advertisingcited by 10
- 2024Unbiased Learning to Rank Meets Reality: Lessons from Baidu's Large-Scale Search Datasetcited by 10
- 2022ED2LM: Encoder-Decoder to Language Model for Faster Document Re-ranking Inferencecited by 9
- 2023Adaptive Neural Ranking Framework: Toward Maximized Business Goal for Cascade Ranking Systemscited by 6
- 2021On the Challenges of Evaluating Compositional Explanations in Multi-Hop Inference: Relevance, Completeness, and Expert Ratingscited by 5
12 most cited of 30 All 30 (JSON)
- 2026A Hybrid LTR-based System via Social Context Embedding for Recommending Solutions of Software Bugs in Developer Communities7 Mar 2026
- 2025Synthetic Prefixes to Mitigate Bias in Real-Time Neural Query Autocomplete2 Oct 2025
- 2025Bipartite Ranking From Multiple Labels: On Loss Versus Label Aggregation15 Apr 2025
- 2025Weak Supervision for Improved Precision in Search Systems10 Mar 2025
- 2024UserBoost: Generating User-specific Synthetic Data for Faster Enrolment into Behavioural Biometric Systems12 Jul 2024
- 2024A Self-boosted Framework for Calibrated Ranking12 Jun 2024
- 2024Unbiased Learning to Rank Meets Reality: Lessons from Baidu's Large-Scale Search Dataset3 Apr 2024
- 2023Adaptive Neural Ranking Framework: Toward Maximized Business Goal for Cascade Ranking Systems16 Oct 2023
- 2023Feature Engineering in Learning-to-Rank for Community Question Answering Task14 Sep 2023
- 2023Improving the Security of Smartwatch Payment with Deep Learning11 Jul 2023
- 2023COPR: Consistency-Oriented Pre-Ranking for Online Advertising6 Jun 2023
- 2023LibAUC: A Deep Learning Library for X-Risk Optimization5 Jun 2023
12 newest of 30 All 30 (JSON)