Explicit Bias Discovery in Visual Question Answering Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Researchers have observed that Visual Question Answering (VQA) models tend to answer questions by learning statistical biases in the data. For example, their answer to the question "What is the color of the grass?" is usually "Green", whereas a question like "What is the title of the book?" cannot be answered by inferring statistical biases. It is of interest to the community to explicitly discover such biases, both for understanding the behavior of such models, and towards debugging them. Our work address this problem. In a database, we store the words of the question, answer and visual words corresponding to regions of interest in attention maps. By running simple rule mining algorithms on this database, we discover human-interpretable rules which give us unique insight into the behavior of such models. Our results also show examples of unusual behaviors learned by models in attempting VQA tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Nov 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 14; 2023: 6; 2024: 8; 2025: 1.
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- 2021Are Gender-Neutral Queries Really Gender-Neutral? Mitigating Gender Bias in Image Searchcited by 90
- 2021Towards Interpreting and Mitigating Shortcut Learning Behavior of NLU Modelscited by 78
- 2021Beyond Question-Based Biases: Assessing Multimodal Shortcut Learning in Visual Question Answeringcited by 71
- 2023A Multi-Modal Neural Geometric Solver with Textual Clauses Parsed from Diagramcited by 56
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
- 2021Discover the Unknown Biased Attribute of an Image Classifiercited by 46
- 2024InjecGuard: Benchmarking and Mitigating Over-defense in Prompt Injection Guardrail Modelscited by 42
- 2022Gender and Racial Bias in Visual Question Answering Datasetscited by 39
- 2022SwapMix: Diagnosing and Regularizing the Over-Reliance on Visual Context in Visual Question Answeringcited by 38
- 2022Language Prior Is Not the Only Shortcut: A Benchmark for Shortcut Learning in VQAcited by 30
- 2021VisQA: X-raying Vision and Language Reasoning in Transformerscited by 19
- 2021MuMuQA: Multimedia Multi-Hop News Question Answering via Cross-Media Knowledge Extraction and Groundingcited by 19
30 more
- 2023Ethical Considerations for Responsible Data Curationcited by 17
- 2022Hierarchical Memory Learning for Fine-Grained Scene Graph Generationcited by 15
- 2021Calibrating Concepts and Operations: Towards Symbolic Reasoning on Real Imagescited by 14
- 2024Fuse, Reason and Verify: Geometry Problem Solving with Parsed Clauses from Diagramcited by 13
- 2024Fairness and Bias Mitigation in Computer Vision: A Surveycited by 13
- 2022REX: Reasoning-aware and Grounded Explanationcited by 12
- 2022CARETS: A Consistency And Robustness Evaluative Test Suite for VQAcited by 11
- 2024Navigating the Shortcut Maze: A Comprehensive Analysis of Shortcut Learning in Text Classification by Language Modelscited by 10
- 2022Divide and Conquer: Text Semantic Matching with Disentangled Keywords and Intentscited by 9
- 2022Chairs Can be Stood on: Overcoming Object Bias in Human-Object Interaction Detectioncited by 9
- 2023Combo of Thinking and Observing for Outside-Knowledge VQAcited by 9
- 2024A Review of Multimodal Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Past, Present and Futurecited by 9
- 2023Dissecting Multimodality in VideoQA Transformer Models by Impairing Modality Fusioncited by 8
- 2023Dataset Bias Mitigation in Multiple-Choice Visual Question Answering and Beyondcited by 7
- 2021Raising context awareness in motion forecastingcited by 6
- 2022Understanding ME? Multimodal Evaluation for Fine-grained Visual Commonsensecited by 5
- 2024On the Role of Visual Grounding in VQAcited by 5
- 2021iReason: Multimodal Commonsense Reasoning using Videos and Natural Language with Interpretabilitycited by 4
- 2022Backdooring Explainable Machine Learningcited by 4
- 2023Divide and Conquer: Answering Questions with Object Factorization and Compositional Reasoningcited by 4
- 2025Mitigating Easy Option Bias in Multiple-Choice Question Answeringcited by 4
- 2021NAAQA: A Neural Architecture for Acoustic Question Answeringcited by 3
- 2021A Generative Approach for Mitigating Structural Biases in Natural Language Inferencecited by 3
- 2022Towards Automated Error Analysis: Learning to Characterize Errorscited by 3
- 2021Generating and Evaluating Explanations of Attended and Error-Inducing Input Regions for VQA Modelscited by 2
- 2021Don't Discard All the Biased Instances: Investigating a Core Assumption in Dataset Bias Mitigation Techniquescited by 2
- 2022Unveiling Project-Specific Bias in Neural Code Modelscited by 1
- 2024Common-Sense Bias Modeling for Classification Taskscited by 1
- 2022Compressing And Debiasing Vision-Language Pre-Trained Models for Visual Question Answeringcited by 0
- 2024Revealing Vulnerabilities of Neural Networks in Parameter Learning and Defense Against Explanation-Aware Backdoorscited by 0
- 2025Mitigating Easy Option Bias in Multiple-Choice Question Answering19 Aug 2025
- 2024A Review of Multimodal Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Past, Present and Future18 Dec 2024
- 2024InjecGuard: Benchmarking and Mitigating Over-defense in Prompt Injection Guardrail Models30 Oct 2024
- 2024Navigating the Shortcut Maze: A Comprehensive Analysis of Shortcut Learning in Text Classification by Language Models26 Sep 2024
- 2024Fairness and Bias Mitigation in Computer Vision: A Survey5 Aug 2024
- 2024Fuse, Reason and Verify: Geometry Problem Solving with Parsed Clauses from Diagram10 Jul 2024
- 2024On the Role of Visual Grounding in VQA26 Jun 2024
- 2024Revealing Vulnerabilities of Neural Networks in Parameter Learning and Defense Against Explanation-Aware Backdoors25 Mar 2024
- 2024Common-Sense Bias Modeling for Classification Tasks24 Jan 2024
- 2023Dataset Bias Mitigation in Multiple-Choice Visual Question Answering and Beyond23 Oct 2023
- 2023Dissecting Multimodality in VideoQA Transformer Models by Impairing Modality Fusion15 Jun 2023
- 2023Combo of Thinking and Observing for Outside-Knowledge VQA10 May 2023
30 more
- 2023Divide and Conquer: Answering Questions with Object Factorization and Compositional Reasoning18 Mar 2023
- 2023A Multi-Modal Neural Geometric Solver with Textual Clauses Parsed from Diagram22 Feb 2023
- 2023Ethical Considerations for Responsible Data Curation7 Feb 2023
- 2022Understanding ME? Multimodal Evaluation for Fine-grained Visual Commonsense10 Nov 2022
- 2022Compressing And Debiasing Vision-Language Pre-Trained Models for Visual Question Answering26 Oct 2022
- 2022Language Prior Is Not the Only Shortcut: A Benchmark for Shortcut Learning in VQA10 Oct 2022
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networks20 Jul 2022
- 2022Chairs Can be Stood on: Overcoming Object Bias in Human-Object Interaction Detection6 Jul 2022
- 2022Gender and Racial Bias in Visual Question Answering Datasets17 May 2022
- 2022Backdooring Explainable Machine Learning20 Apr 2022
- 2022SwapMix: Diagnosing and Regularizing the Over-Reliance on Visual Context in Visual Question Answering5 Apr 2022
- 2022CARETS: A Consistency And Robustness Evaluative Test Suite for VQA15 Mar 2022
- 2022Hierarchical Memory Learning for Fine-Grained Scene Graph Generation14 Mar 2022
- 2022REX: Reasoning-aware and Grounded Explanation11 Mar 2022
- 2022Divide and Conquer: Text Semantic Matching with Disentangled Keywords and Intents6 Mar 2022
- 2022Unveiling Project-Specific Bias in Neural Code Models19 Jan 2022
- 2022Towards Automated Error Analysis: Learning to Characterize Errors13 Jan 2022
- 2021MuMuQA: Multimedia Multi-Hop News Question Answering via Cross-Media Knowledge Extraction and Grounding20 Dec 2021
- 2021Calibrating Concepts and Operations: Towards Symbolic Reasoning on Real Images1 Oct 2021
- 2021Raising context awareness in motion forecasting16 Sep 2021
- 2021Are Gender-Neutral Queries Really Gender-Neutral? Mitigating Gender Bias in Image Search12 Sep 2021
- 2021Don't Discard All the Biased Instances: Investigating a Core Assumption in Dataset Bias Mitigation Techniques1 Sep 2021
- 2021A Generative Approach for Mitigating Structural Biases in Natural Language Inference31 Aug 2021
- 2021iReason: Multimodal Commonsense Reasoning using Videos and Natural Language with Interpretability25 Jun 2021
- 2021NAAQA: A Neural Architecture for Acoustic Question Answering11 Jun 2021
- 2021Discover the Unknown Biased Attribute of an Image Classifier29 Apr 2021
- 2021Beyond Question-Based Biases: Assessing Multimodal Shortcut Learning in Visual Question Answering7 Apr 2021
- 2021VisQA: X-raying Vision and Language Reasoning in Transformers2 Apr 2021
- 2021Generating and Evaluating Explanations of Attended and Error-Inducing Input Regions for VQA Models26 Mar 2021
- 2021Towards Interpreting and Mitigating Shortcut Learning Behavior of NLU Models11 Mar 2021
- 2021Are Gender-Neutral Queries Really Gender-Neutral? Mitigating Gender Bias in Image Searchcited by 90
- 2021Towards Interpreting and Mitigating Shortcut Learning Behavior of NLU Modelscited by 78
- 2021Beyond Question-Based Biases: Assessing Multimodal Shortcut Learning in Visual Question Answeringcited by 71
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
- 2021Discover the Unknown Biased Attribute of an Image Classifiercited by 46
- 2022Gender and Racial Bias in Visual Question Answering Datasetscited by 39
- 2022SwapMix: Diagnosing and Regularizing the Over-Reliance on Visual Context in Visual Question Answeringcited by 38
- 2022Language Prior Is Not the Only Shortcut: A Benchmark for Shortcut Learning in VQAcited by 30
- 2021VisQA: X-raying Vision and Language Reasoning in Transformerscited by 19
- 2021MuMuQA: Multimedia Multi-Hop News Question Answering via Cross-Media Knowledge Extraction and Groundingcited by 19
- 2023Ethical Considerations for Responsible Data Curationcited by 17
- 2022Hierarchical Memory Learning for Fine-Grained Scene Graph Generationcited by 15
12 most cited of 38 All 38 (JSON)
- 2025Mitigating Easy Option Bias in Multiple-Choice Question Answering19 Aug 2025
- 2024A Review of Multimodal Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Past, Present and Future18 Dec 2024
- 2024Navigating the Shortcut Maze: A Comprehensive Analysis of Shortcut Learning in Text Classification by Language Models26 Sep 2024
- 2024Fairness and Bias Mitigation in Computer Vision: A Survey5 Aug 2024
- 2024On the Role of Visual Grounding in VQA26 Jun 2024
- 2024Revealing Vulnerabilities of Neural Networks in Parameter Learning and Defense Against Explanation-Aware Backdoors25 Mar 2024
- 2024Common-Sense Bias Modeling for Classification Tasks24 Jan 2024
- 2023Dataset Bias Mitigation in Multiple-Choice Visual Question Answering and Beyond23 Oct 2023
- 2023Dissecting Multimodality in VideoQA Transformer Models by Impairing Modality Fusion15 Jun 2023
- 2023Combo of Thinking and Observing for Outside-Knowledge VQA10 May 2023
- 2023Divide and Conquer: Answering Questions with Object Factorization and Compositional Reasoning18 Mar 2023
- 2023Ethical Considerations for Responsible Data Curation7 Feb 2023
12 newest of 38 All 38 (JSON)