mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

SMHD: A Large-Scale Resource for Exploring Online Language Usage for Multiple Mental Health Conditions

arXiv 1806.05258 ↗First posted 13 Jun 2018cs.CLcited by 73

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Abstract (arXiv)

Mental health is a significant and growing public health concern. As language usage can be leveraged to obtain crucial insights into mental health conditions, there is a need for large-scale, labeled, mental health-related datasets of users who have been diagnosed with one or more of such conditions. In this paper, we investigate the creation of high-precision patterns to identify self-reported diagnoses of nine different mental health conditions, and obtain high-quality labeled data without the need for manual labelling. We introduce the SMHD (Self-reported Mental Health Diagnoses) dataset and make it available. SMHD is a novel large dataset of social media posts from users with one or multiple mental health conditions along with matched control users. We examine distinctions in users' language, as measured by linguistic and psychological variables. We further explore text classification methods to identify individuals with mental conditions through their language.

Key facts. Cited by 73 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Jun 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 15; 2023: 10; 2024: 13; 2025: 15; 2026: 15.

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  1. 2022CAMS: An Annotated Corpus for Causal Analysis of Mental Health Issues in Social Media Postscited by 34
  2. 2024Large Language Models in Mental Health Care: a Scoping Reviewcited by 34
  3. 2023Empowering Psychotherapy with Large Language Models: Cognitive Distortion Detection through Diagnosis of Thought Promptingcited by 31
  4. 2022Improving the Generalizability of Depression Detection by Leveraging Clinical Questionnairescited by 27
  5. 2022Symptom Identification for Interpretable Detection of Multiple Mental Disorderscited by 20
  6. 2024Depression Detection on Social Media with Large Language Modelscited by 20
  7. 2022Identifying Moments of Change from Longitudinal User Textcited by 17
  8. 2021Micromodels for Efficient, Explainable, and Reusable Systems: A Case Study on Mental Healthcited by 13
  9. 2022RedHOT: A Corpus of Annotated Medical Questions, Experiences, and Claims on Social Mediacited by 13
  10. 2023PsyEval: A Suite of Mental Health Related Tasks for Evaluating Large Language Modelscited by 13
  11. 2024Still Not Quite There! Evaluating Large Language Models for Comorbid Mental Health Diagnosiscited by 12
  12. 2022MentSum: A Resource for Exploring Summarization of Mental Health Online Postscited by 11
38 more
  1. 2021Understanding who uses Reddit: Profiling individuals with a self-reported bipolar disorder diagnosiscited by 8
  2. 2024Combining Hierachical VAEs with LLMs for clinically meaningful timeline summarisation in social mediacited by 8
  3. 2022EmoMent: An Emotion Annotated Mental Health Corpus from two South Asian Countriescited by 7
  4. 2024A Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models on Mental Illnessescited by 7
  5. 2022Semantic Similarity Models for Depression Severity Estimationcited by 6
  6. 2023Exploring Social Media for Early Detection of Depression in COVID-19 Patientscited by 6
  7. 2024Explainable AI for Mental Disorder Detection via Social Media: A survey and outlookcited by 6
  8. 2024On the State of NLP Approaches to Modeling Depression in Social Media: A Post-COVID-19 Outlookcited by 6
  9. 2023Detecting Reddit Users with Depression Using a Hybrid Neural Network SBERT-CNNcited by 5
  10. 2023Towards Suicide Prevention from Bipolar Disorder with Temporal Symptom-Aware Multitask Learningcited by 5
  11. 2022Emotion-based Modeling of Mental Disorders on Social Mediacited by 4
  12. 2022Then and Now: Quantifying the Longitudinal Validity of Self-Disclosed Depression Diagnosescited by 4
  13. 2023The Inner Sentiments of a Thoughtcited by 4
  14. 2023WellXplain: Wellness Concept Extraction and Classification in Reddit Posts for Mental Health Analysiscited by 4
  15. 2025A Gold Standard Dataset and Evaluation Framework for Depression Detection and Explanation in Social Media using LLMscited by 4
  16. 2022The Problem of Semantic Shift in Longitudinal Monitoring of Social Media: A Case Study on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemiccited by 3
  17. 2023Curriculum-guided Abstractive Summarization for Mental Health Online Postscited by 3
  18. 2024DiDOTS: Knowledge Distillation from Large-Language-Models for Dementia Obfuscation in Transcribed Speechcited by 3
  19. 2025CARMA: Comprehensive Automatically-annotated Reddit Mental Health Dataset for Arabiccited by 3
  20. 2021Quantifying the Suicidal Tendency on Social Media: A Surveycited by 2
  21. 2024Sentiment Informed Sentence BERT-Ensemble Algorithm for Depression Detectioncited by 2
  22. 2025Leveraging LLMs for Mental Health: Detection and Recommendations from Social Discussionscited by 2
  23. 2025Advancing Mental Disorder Detection: A Comparative Evaluation of Transformer and LSTM Architectures on Social Mediacited by 2
  24. 2025ReDepress: A Cognitive Framework for Detecting Depression Relapse from Social Mediacited by 2
  25. 2025MindSET: Advancing Mental Health Benchmarking through Large-Scale Social Media Datacited by 2
  26. 2026TrustMH-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating the Trustworthiness of Large Language Models in Mental Healthcited by 2
  27. 2021Modeling chronic pain experiences from online reports using the Reddit Reports of Chronic Pain datasetcited by 1
  28. 2022Explainability for identification of vulnerable groups in machine learning modelscited by 1
  29. 2022Chronic pain patient narratives allow for the estimation of current pain intensitycited by 1
  30. 2023Improving Text-based Early Prediction by Distillation from Privileged Time-Series Textcited by 1
  31. 2024Prompt-based mental health screening from social media textcited by 1
  32. 2025INESC-ID @ eRisk 2025: Exploring Fine-Tuned, Similarity-Based, and Prompt-Based Approaches to Depression Symptom Identificationcited by 1
  33. 2025Beyond Architectures: Evaluating the Role of Contextual Embeddings in Detecting Bipolar Disorder on Social Mediacited by 1
  34. 2025EthicsMH: A Pilot Benchmark for Ethical Reasoning in Mental Health AIcited by 1
  35. 2025Mental Multi-class Classification on Social Media: Benchmarking Transformer Architectures against LSTM Modelscited by 1
  36. 2025From Medical Records to Diagnostic Dialogues: A Clinical-Grounded Approach and Dataset for Psychiatric Comorbiditycited by 1
  37. 2026MentalSeek-Dx: Towards Progressive Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning for Real-world Psychiatric Diagnosiscited by 1
  38. 2021Chronic Pain and Language: A Topic Modelling Approach to Personal Pain Descriptionscited by 0

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