mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Obligation and Prohibition Extraction Using Hierarchical RNNs

arXiv 1805.03871 ↗First posted 10 May 2018cs.CLcited by 18

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Abstract (arXiv)

We consider the task of detecting contractual obligations and prohibitions. We show that a self-attention mechanism improves the performance of a BILSTM classifier, the previous state of the art for this task, by allowing it to focus on indicative tokens. We also introduce a hierarchical BILSTM, which converts each sentence to an embedding, and processes the sentence embeddings to classify each sentence. Apart from being faster to train, the hierarchical BILSTM outperforms the flat one, even when the latter considers surrounding sentences, because the hierarchical model has a broader discourse view.

Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 May 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 6; 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 5.

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  1. 2021LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in Englishcited by 310
  2. 2021CUAD: An Expert-Annotated NLP Dataset for Legal Contract Reviewcited by 236
  3. 2022Multi-LexSum: Real-World Summaries of Civil Rights Lawsuits at Multiple Granularitiescited by 47
  4. 2023MAUD: An Expert-Annotated Legal NLP Dataset for Merger Agreement Understandingcited by 33
  5. 2022Processing Long Legal Documents with Pre-trained Transformers: Modding LegalBERT and Longformercited by 20
  6. 2021Multi-granular Legal Topic Classification on Greek Legislationcited by 15
  7. 2022Agent-Specific Deontic Modality Detection in Legal Languagecited by 7
  8. 2025Thinking Longer, Not Always Smarter: Evaluating LLM Capabilities in Hierarchical Legal Reasoningcited by 7
  9. 2021Unsupervised Law Article Mining based on Deep Pre-Trained Language Representation Models with Application to the Italian Civil Codecited by 6
  10. 2022What to Read in a Contract? Party-Specific Summarization of Legal Obligations, Entitlements, and Prohibitionscited by 5
  11. 2024RIRAG: Regulatory Information Retrieval and Answer Generationcited by 3
  12. 2025Deontological Keyword Bias: The Impact of Modal Expressions on Normative Judgments of Language Modelscited by 3
6 more
  1. 2022Legal-Tech Open Diaries: Lesson learned on how to develop and deploy light-weight models in the era of humongous Language Modelscited by 2
  2. 2022DeepParliament: A Legal domain Benchmark & Dataset for Parliament Bills Predictioncited by 2
  3. 2024Extracting Norms from Contracts Via ChatGPT: Opportunities and Challengescited by 2
  4. 2025Precise Legal Sentence Boundary Detection for Retrieval at Scale: NUPunkt and CharBoundarycited by 1
  5. 2025Computational Identification of Regulatory Statements in EU Legislationcited by 1
  6. 2025Streamlining Industrial Contract Management with Retrieval-Augmented LLMscited by 0