Indoor Scene Understanding in 2.5/3D for Autonomous Agents: A Survey
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Abstract (arXiv)
With the availability of low-cost and compact 2.5/3D visual sensing devices, computer vision community is experiencing a growing interest in visual scene understanding of indoor environments. This survey paper provides a comprehensive background to this research topic. We begin with a historical perspective, followed by popular 3D data representations and a comparative analysis of available datasets. Before delving into the application specific details, this survey provides a succinct introduction to the core technologies that are the underlying methods extensively used in the literature. Afterwards, we review the developed techniques according to a taxonomy based on the scene understanding tasks. This covers holistic indoor scene understanding as well as subtasks such as scene classification, object detection, pose estimation, semantic segmentation, 3D reconstruction, saliency detection, physics-based reasoning and affordance prediction. Later on, we summarize the performance metrics used for evaluation in different tasks and a quantitative comparison among the recent state-of-the-art techniques. We conclude this review with the current challenges and an outlook towards the open research problems requiring further investigation.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Mar 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 6; 2023: 2; 2024: 9; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.
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- 2023Open-Fusion: Real-time Open-Vocabulary 3D Mapping and Queryable Scene Representationcited by 54
- 2024Multi-Modal Data-Efficient 3D Scene Understanding for Autonomous Drivingcited by 53
- 2021Deep Learning Based 3D Segmentation: A Surveycited by 30
- 2024Agent3D-Zero: An Agent for Zero-shot 3D Understandingcited by 29
- 2024Contrastive Gaussian Clustering: Weakly Supervised 3D Scene Segmentationcited by 22
- 2022FreDSNet: Joint Monocular Depth and Semantic Segmentation with Fast Fourier Convolutionscited by 11
- 2022Beyond RGB: Scene-Property Synthesis with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 10
- 2023Multi-view 3D Object Reconstruction and Uncertainty Modelling with Neural Shape Priorcited by 9
- 2026FunRec: Reconstructing Functional 3D Scenes from Egocentric Interaction Videoscited by 7
- 2024Toward General Object-level Mapping from Sparse Views with 3D Diffusion Priorscited by 5
- 2021Do You See What I See? Capabilities and Limits of Automated Multimedia Content Analysiscited by 2
- 2024Atlanta Scaled layouts from non-central panoramascited by 2
13 more
- 2024Rethinking Data Input for Point Cloud Upsamplingcited by 2
- 2022Learning to Assess Danger from Movies for Cooperative Escape Planning in Hazardous Environmentscited by 1
- 2025Advancing Complex Wide-Area Scene Understanding with Hierarchical Coresets Selectioncited by 1
- 2025LLaVA3: Representing 3D Scenes like a Cubist Painter to Boost 3D Scene Understanding of VLMscited by 1
- 2025Grab-3D: Detecting AI-Generated Videos from 3D Geometric Temporal Consistencycited by 1
- 2022A Dynamic Data Driven Approach for Explainable Scene Understandingcited by 0
- 2022Background Invariance Testing According to Semantic Proximitycited by 0
- 2022Review on 6D Object Pose Estimation with the focus on Indoor Scene Understandingcited by 0
- 2024Automatic Spatial Calibration of Near-Field MIMO Radar With Respect to Optical Depth Sensorscited by 0
- 2024A Scalable Quantum Non-local Neural Network for Image Classificationcited by 0
- 2024Leveraging Foundation Models To learn the shape of semi-fluid deformable objectscited by 0
- 2025Break Out the Silverware -- Semantic Understanding of Stored Household Itemscited by 0
- 2026Semantic-ITC: A Frame-wise Indoor Mobile Laser Scanning Dataset and Benchmark for Semantic Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026Semantic-ITC: A Frame-wise Indoor Mobile Laser Scanning Dataset and Benchmark for Semantic Segmentation16 Sep 2026
- 2026FunRec: Reconstructing Functional 3D Scenes from Egocentric Interaction Videos7 Apr 2026
- 2025Break Out the Silverware -- Semantic Understanding of Stored Household Items25 Dec 2025
- 2025Grab-3D: Detecting AI-Generated Videos from 3D Geometric Temporal Consistency15 Dec 2025
- 2025LLaVA3: Representing 3D Scenes like a Cubist Painter to Boost 3D Scene Understanding of VLMs20 Nov 2025
- 2025Advancing Complex Wide-Area Scene Understanding with Hierarchical Coresets Selection17 Jul 2025
- 2024Leveraging Foundation Models To learn the shape of semi-fluid deformable objects25 Nov 2024
- 2024Toward General Object-level Mapping from Sparse Views with 3D Diffusion Priors7 Oct 2024
- 2024A Scalable Quantum Non-local Neural Network for Image Classification26 Jul 2024
- 2024Rethinking Data Input for Point Cloud Upsampling5 Jul 2024
- 2024Multi-Modal Data-Efficient 3D Scene Understanding for Autonomous Driving8 May 2024
- 2024Contrastive Gaussian Clustering: Weakly Supervised 3D Scene Segmentation19 Apr 2024
13 more
- 2024Agent3D-Zero: An Agent for Zero-shot 3D Understanding18 Mar 2024
- 2024Automatic Spatial Calibration of Near-Field MIMO Radar With Respect to Optical Depth Sensors16 Mar 2024
- 2024Atlanta Scaled layouts from non-central panoramas30 Jan 2024
- 2023Open-Fusion: Real-time Open-Vocabulary 3D Mapping and Queryable Scene Representation5 Oct 2023
- 2023Multi-view 3D Object Reconstruction and Uncertainty Modelling with Neural Shape Prior17 Jun 2023
- 2022Review on 6D Object Pose Estimation with the focus on Indoor Scene Understanding4 Dec 2022
- 2022FreDSNet: Joint Monocular Depth and Semantic Segmentation with Fast Fourier Convolutions4 Oct 2022
- 2022Background Invariance Testing According to Semantic Proximity19 Aug 2022
- 2022Learning to Assess Danger from Movies for Cooperative Escape Planning in Hazardous Environments27 Jul 2022
- 2022A Dynamic Data Driven Approach for Explainable Scene Understanding18 Jun 2022
- 2022Beyond RGB: Scene-Property Synthesis with Neural Radiance Fields9 Jun 2022
- 2021Do You See What I See? Capabilities and Limits of Automated Multimedia Content Analysis15 Dec 2021
- 2021Deep Learning Based 3D Segmentation: A Survey9 Mar 2021
- 2024Agent3D-Zero: An Agent for Zero-shot 3D Understandingcited by 29
- 2024Agent3D-Zero: An Agent for Zero-shot 3D Understanding18 Mar 2024
- 2023Open-Fusion: Real-time Open-Vocabulary 3D Mapping and Queryable Scene Representationcited by 54
- 2024Multi-Modal Data-Efficient 3D Scene Understanding for Autonomous Drivingcited by 53
- 2021Deep Learning Based 3D Segmentation: A Surveycited by 30
- 2024Contrastive Gaussian Clustering: Weakly Supervised 3D Scene Segmentationcited by 22
- 2022FreDSNet: Joint Monocular Depth and Semantic Segmentation with Fast Fourier Convolutionscited by 11
- 2022Beyond RGB: Scene-Property Synthesis with Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 10
- 2023Multi-view 3D Object Reconstruction and Uncertainty Modelling with Neural Shape Priorcited by 9
- 2026FunRec: Reconstructing Functional 3D Scenes from Egocentric Interaction Videoscited by 7
- 2021Do You See What I See? Capabilities and Limits of Automated Multimedia Content Analysiscited by 2
- 2024Atlanta Scaled layouts from non-central panoramascited by 2
- 2024Rethinking Data Input for Point Cloud Upsamplingcited by 2
- 2022Learning to Assess Danger from Movies for Cooperative Escape Planning in Hazardous Environmentscited by 1
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026Semantic-ITC: A Frame-wise Indoor Mobile Laser Scanning Dataset and Benchmark for Semantic Segmentation16 Sep 2026
- 2026FunRec: Reconstructing Functional 3D Scenes from Egocentric Interaction Videos7 Apr 2026
- 2025Break Out the Silverware -- Semantic Understanding of Stored Household Items25 Dec 2025
- 2025Advancing Complex Wide-Area Scene Understanding with Hierarchical Coresets Selection17 Jul 2025
- 2024Leveraging Foundation Models To learn the shape of semi-fluid deformable objects25 Nov 2024
- 2024A Scalable Quantum Non-local Neural Network for Image Classification26 Jul 2024
- 2024Rethinking Data Input for Point Cloud Upsampling5 Jul 2024
- 2024Multi-Modal Data-Efficient 3D Scene Understanding for Autonomous Driving8 May 2024
- 2024Contrastive Gaussian Clustering: Weakly Supervised 3D Scene Segmentation19 Apr 2024
- 2024Automatic Spatial Calibration of Near-Field MIMO Radar With Respect to Optical Depth Sensors16 Mar 2024
- 2024Atlanta Scaled layouts from non-central panoramas30 Jan 2024
- 2023Open-Fusion: Real-time Open-Vocabulary 3D Mapping and Queryable Scene Representation5 Oct 2023
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)