Deep Lattice Networks and Partial Monotonic Functions
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose learning deep models that are monotonic with respect to a user-specified set of inputs by alternating layers of linear embeddings, ensembles of lattices, and calibrators (piecewise linear functions), with appropriate constraints for monotonicity, and jointly training the resulting network. We implement the layers and projections with new computational graph nodes in TensorFlow and use the ADAM optimizer and batched stochastic gradients. Experiments on benchmark and real-world datasets show that six-layer monotonic deep lattice networks achieve state-of-the art performance for classification and regression with monotonicity guarantees.
Key facts. Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Sep 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 11; 2023: 12; 2024: 5; 2025: 17; 2026: 13.
63 papers.
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- 2022ProtoPFormer: Concentrating on Prototypical Parts in Vision Transformers for Interpretable Image Recognitioncited by 63
- 2022Visual Recognition with Deep Nearest Centroidscited by 59
- 2022Logic-Based Explainability in Machine Learningcited by 48
- 2021Explanations for Monotonic Classifierscited by 39
- 2022Constrained Monotonic Neural Networkscited by 32
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- 2022Deep Non-Crossing Quantiles through the Partial Derivativecited by 12
- 2022Monotonic Neural Additive Models: Pursuing Regulated Machine Learning Models for Credit Scoringcited by 12
- 2024Neural Clustering based Visual Representation Learningcited by 12
- 2025A Probabilistic Neuro-symbolic Layer for Algebraic Constraint Satisfactioncited by 11
- 2021Matching Learned Causal Effects of Neural Networks with Domain Priorscited by 10
- 2025Advancing Constrained Monotonic Neural Networks: Achieving Universal Approximation Beyond Bounded Activationscited by 8
38 more
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- 2021Robust and Provably Monotonic Networkscited by 6
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- 2021A framework for massive scale personalized promotioncited by 4
- 2023Monotonicity for AI ethics and society: An empirical study of the monotonic neural additive model in criminology, education, health care, and financecited by 4
- 2023DeepSaDe: Learning Neural Networks that Guarantee Domain Constraint Satisfactioncited by 4
- 2023How to address monotonicity for model risk management?cited by 4
- 2024MonoKAN: Certified Monotonic Kolmogorov-Arnold Networkcited by 4
- 2025Antithetic Noise in Diffusion Modelscited by 4
- 2025A Complement to Neural Networks for Anisotropic Inelasticity at Finite Strainscited by 4
- 2022Global Optimization Networkscited by 2
- 2022XClusters: Explainability-first Clusteringcited by 2
- 2023Smoothness and monotonicity constraints for neural networks using ICEnetcited by 2
- 2021Regularization Strategies for Quantile Regressioncited by 1
- 2023Learned Accelerator Framework for Angular-Distance-Based High-Dimensional DBSCANcited by 1
- 2023An interpretable neural network-based non-proportional odds model for ordinal regressioncited by 1
- 2023Semantic-aware Transmission Scheduling: a Monotonicity-driven Deep Reinforcement Learning Approachcited by 1
- 2023Can I Trust the Explanations? Investigating Explainable Machine Learning Methods for Monotonic Modelscited by 1
- 2024A mathematical certification for positivity conditions in Neural Networks with applications to partial monotonicity and Trustworthy AIcited by 1
- 2024Enhancing Monotonic Modeling with Spatio-Temporal Adaptive Awareness in Diverse Marketingcited by 1
- 2025MCNet: Monotonic Calibration Networks for Expressive Uncertainty Calibration in Online Advertisingcited by 1
- 2025MMCE: A Framework for Deep Monotonic Modeling of Multiple Causal Effectscited by 1
- 2025Learning Monotonic Probabilities with a Generative Cost Modelcited by 1
- 2025Efficient and Scalable Estimation of Distributional Treatment Effects with Multi-Task Neural Networkscited by 1
- 2026ELViS: Efficient Visual Similarity from Local Descriptors that Generalizes Across Domainscited by 1
- 2026Monotonic Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Monotonicity as an Inductive Biascited by 1
- 2022Private Isotonic Regressioncited by 0
- 2023Variational Label-Correlation Enhancement for Congestion Predictioncited by 0
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- 2025MonoCon: A general framework for learning ultra-compact high-fidelity representations using monotonicity constraintscited by 0
- 2025Monotone and Separable Set Functions: Characterizations and Neural Modelscited by 0
- 2025Simplex-FEM Networks (SiFEN): Learning A Triangulated Function Approximatorcited by 0
50 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)
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- 2026SLP-ProbHard: Probabilistic Hard-Constrained Learning via Structural Latent Parameterization27 Sep 2026
- 2026The Cost of a Physics Prior Is Bounded by the Ablation Gap21 Aug 2026
- 2026Differentiable Fuzzy Inference Layer: A Monotone, Compositional Ordinal Reasoning Head for Large Language Models17 Aug 2026
- 2026The Spectral Neuron8 Aug 2026
- 2026Monotonic Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Monotonicity as an Inductive Bias16 Jun 2026
- 2026R&F-Inventory: A Large-Scale Dataset for Monotonic Inventory Estimation in Reach and Frequency Advertising18 Apr 2026
- 2026ELViS: Efficient Visual Similarity from Local Descriptors that Generalizes Across Domains30 Mar 2026
- 2026Behavior Learning (BL): Learning Hierarchical Optimization Structures from Data23 Feb 2026
- 2026Monotonicity as an Architectural Bias for Robust Language Models2 Feb 2026
- 2026Interpretability in Deep Time Series Models Demands Semantic Alignment2 Feb 2026
38 more
- 2026Monotone Optimisation with Learned Projections28 Jan 2026
- 2025Multi-Horizon Time Series Forecasting of non-parametric CDFs with Deep Lattice Networks14 Nov 2025
- 2025A Risk-Neutral Neural Operator for Arbitrage-Free SPX-VIX Term Structures9 Nov 2025
- 2025Simplex-FEM Networks (SiFEN): Learning A Triangulated Function Approximator6 Nov 2025
- 2025Monotone and Separable Set Functions: Characterizations and Neural Models24 Oct 2025
- 2025A Complement to Neural Networks for Anisotropic Inelasticity at Finite Strains5 Oct 2025
- 2025MonoCon: A general framework for learning ultra-compact high-fidelity representations using monotonicity constraints26 Sep 2025
- 2025Transfer Learning for Minimum Operating Voltage Prediction in Advanced Technology Nodes: Leveraging Legacy Data and Silicon Odometer Sensing21 Aug 2025
- 2025Efficient and Scalable Estimation of Distributional Treatment Effects with Multi-Task Neural Networks10 Jul 2025
- 2025Antithetic Noise in Diffusion Models6 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning Monotonic Probabilities with a Generative Cost Model4 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning Penalty for Optimal Partitioning via Automatic Feature Extraction12 May 2025
- 2025Advancing Constrained Monotonic Neural Networks: Achieving Universal Approximation Beyond Bounded Activations5 May 2025
- 2025Constrained Machine Learning Through Hyperspherical Representation11 Apr 2025
- 2025MMCE: A Framework for Deep Monotonic Modeling of Multiple Causal Effects2 Apr 2025
- 2025A Probabilistic Neuro-symbolic Layer for Algebraic Constraint Satisfaction25 Mar 2025
- 2025MCNet: Monotonic Calibration Networks for Expressive Uncertainty Calibration in Online Advertising1 Mar 2025
- 2025LucidAtlas: Learning Uncertainty-Aware, Covariate-Disentangled, Individualized Atlas Representations12 Feb 2025
- 2024MonoKAN: Certified Monotonic Kolmogorov-Arnold Network17 Sep 2024
- 2024Enhancing Monotonic Modeling with Spatio-Temporal Adaptive Awareness in Diverse Marketing20 Jun 2024
- 2024A mathematical certification for positivity conditions in Neural Networks with applications to partial monotonicity and Trustworthy AI12 Jun 2024
- 2024Deep neural networks for choice analysis: Enhancing behavioral regularity with gradient regularization23 Apr 2024
- 2024Neural Clustering based Visual Representation Learning26 Mar 2024
- 2023Can I Trust the Explanations? Investigating Explainable Machine Learning Methods for Monotonic Models23 Sep 2023
- 2023Variational Label-Correlation Enhancement for Congestion Prediction1 Aug 2023
- 2023Expressive Monotonic Neural Networks14 Jul 2023
- 2023Smooth Min-Max Monotonic Networks1 Jun 2023
- 2023Semantic-aware Transmission Scheduling: a Monotonicity-driven Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach23 May 2023
- 2023Smoothness and monotonicity constraints for neural networks using ICEnet15 May 2023
- 2023How to address monotonicity for model risk management?28 Apr 2023
- 2023An interpretable neural network-based non-proportional odds model for ordinal regression31 Mar 2023
- 2023DeepSaDe: Learning Neural Networks that Guarantee Domain Constraint Satisfaction2 Mar 2023
- 2023Learned Accelerator Framework for Angular-Distance-Based High-Dimensional DBSCAN6 Feb 2023
- 2023Contrastive Learning with Consistent Representations3 Feb 2023
- 2023Monotonicity for AI ethics and society: An empirical study of the monotonic neural additive model in criminology, education, health care, and finance17 Jan 2023
- 2022Feature Necessity & Relevancy in ML Classifier Explanations27 Oct 2022
- 2022Private Isotonic Regression27 Oct 2022
- 2022Logic-Based Explainability in Machine Learning24 Oct 2022
50 newest of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2025Antithetic Noise in Diffusion Modelscited by 4
- 2025Antithetic Noise in Diffusion Models6 Jun 2025
- 2022ProtoPFormer: Concentrating on Prototypical Parts in Vision Transformers for Interpretable Image Recognitioncited by 63
- 2022Visual Recognition with Deep Nearest Centroidscited by 59
- 2022Logic-Based Explainability in Machine Learningcited by 48
- 2021Explanations for Monotonic Classifierscited by 39
- 2022Constrained Monotonic Neural Networkscited by 32
- 2022Feature Necessity & Relevancy in ML Classifier Explanationscited by 23
- 2022Deep Non-Crossing Quantiles through the Partial Derivativecited by 12
- 2022Monotonic Neural Additive Models: Pursuing Regulated Machine Learning Models for Credit Scoringcited by 12
- 2024Neural Clustering based Visual Representation Learningcited by 12
- 2025A Probabilistic Neuro-symbolic Layer for Algebraic Constraint Satisfactioncited by 11
- 2021Matching Learned Causal Effects of Neural Networks with Domain Priorscited by 10
- 2025Advancing Constrained Monotonic Neural Networks: Achieving Universal Approximation Beyond Bounded Activationscited by 8
12 most cited of 59 All 59 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Affine Transformations: A Soft Dominance Layer for Coordinate-Wise Neural Computation30 Sep 2026
- 2026SLP-ProbHard: Probabilistic Hard-Constrained Learning via Structural Latent Parameterization27 Sep 2026
- 2026The Cost of a Physics Prior Is Bounded by the Ablation Gap21 Aug 2026
- 2026The Spectral Neuron8 Aug 2026
- 2026Monotonic Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Monotonicity as an Inductive Bias16 Jun 2026
- 2026R&F-Inventory: A Large-Scale Dataset for Monotonic Inventory Estimation in Reach and Frequency Advertising18 Apr 2026
- 2026ELViS: Efficient Visual Similarity from Local Descriptors that Generalizes Across Domains30 Mar 2026
- 2026Behavior Learning (BL): Learning Hierarchical Optimization Structures from Data23 Feb 2026
- 2026Interpretability in Deep Time Series Models Demands Semantic Alignment2 Feb 2026
- 2026Monotone Optimisation with Learned Projections28 Jan 2026
- 2025Multi-Horizon Time Series Forecasting of non-parametric CDFs with Deep Lattice Networks14 Nov 2025
- 2025A Risk-Neutral Neural Operator for Arbitrage-Free SPX-VIX Term Structures9 Nov 2025
12 newest of 59 All 59 (JSON)