Action Schema Networks: Generalised Policies with Deep Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we introduce the Action Schema Network (ASNet): a neural network architecture for learning generalised policies for probabilistic planning problems. By mimicking the relational structure of planning problems, ASNets are able to adopt a weight-sharing scheme which allows the network to be applied to any problem from a given planning domain. This allows the cost of training the network to be amortised over all problems in that domain. Further, we propose a training method which balances exploration and supervised training on small problems to produce a policy which remains robust when evaluated on larger problems. In experiments, we show that ASNet's learning capability allows it to significantly outperform traditional non-learning planners in several challenging domains.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Sep 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 4; 2023: 7; 2024: 7; 2025: 7; 2026: 4.
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- 2021Learning First-Order Representations for Planning from Black-Box States: New Resultscited by 23
- 2023Explore to Generalize in Zero-Shot RLcited by 20
- 2024Return to Tradition: Learning Reliable Heuristics with Classical Machine Learningcited by 19
- 2022Reinforcement learning on graphs: A surveycited by 18
- 2021Learning General Policies from Small Examples Without Supervisioncited by 7
- 2025Language Models For Generalised PDDL Planning: Synthesising Sound and Programmatic Policiescited by 7
- 2023Generalized Planning as Heuristic Search: A new planning search-space that leverages pointers over objectscited by 6
- 2023General Policies, Subgoal Structure, and Planning Widthcited by 6
- 2023Granger Causal Interaction Skill Chainscited by 5
- 2023On Using Admissible Bounds for Learning Forward Search Heuristicscited by 5
- 2023Scale-Adaptive Balancing of Exploration and Exploitation in Classical Planningcited by 4
- 2024Towards Learning Foundation Models for Heuristic Functions to Solve Pathfinding Problemscited by 4
20 more
- 2025Leveraging Action Relational Structures for Integrated Learning and Planningcited by 4
- 2022Understanding Sample Generation Strategies for Learning Heuristic Functions in Classical Planningcited by 3
- 2024PDDLFuse: A Tool for Generating Diverse Planning Domainscited by 3
- 2025Per-Domain Generalizing Policies: On Validation Instances and Scaling Behaviorcited by 3
- 2021Meta-Reinforcement Learning for Heuristic Planningcited by 2
- 2022Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning with AI Planning Modelscited by 2
- 2022Learning Generalized Policy Automata for Relational Stochastic Shortest Path Problemscited by 2
- 2023A Review of Symbolic, Subsymbolic and Hybrid Methods for Sequential Decision Makingcited by 2
- 2025Weisfeiler-Leman Features for Planning: A 1,000,000 Sample Size Hyperparameter Studycited by 2
- 2024On Policy Reuse: An Expressive Language for Representing and Executing General Policies that Call Other Policiescited by 1
- 2024WLPlan: Relational Features for Symbolic Planningcited by 1
- 2024Learning to Select Goals in Automated Planning with Deep-Q Learningcited by 0
- 2024Graph Learning for Planning: The Story Thus Far and Open Challengescited by 0
- 2025Exploiting Symbolic Heuristics for the Synthesis of Domain-Specific Temporal Planning Guidance using Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2025LOOP: A Plug-and-Play Neuro-Symbolic Framework for Enhancing Planning in Autonomous Systemscited by 0
- 2025Learning General Policies From Examplescited by 0
- 2026Textual Planning with Explicit Latent Transitionscited by 0
- 2026On Sample-Efficient Generalized Planning via Learned Transition Modelscited by 0
- 2026Differentiable Symbolic Planning: A Neural Architecture for Constraint Reasoning with Learned Feasibilitycited by 0
- 2026LLM-Evolved Pattern Generators for Optimal Classical Planningcited by 0
- 2026LLM-Evolved Pattern Generators for Optimal Classical Planning1 Jun 2026
- 2026On Sample-Efficient Generalized Planning via Learned Transition Models26 Feb 2026
- 2026Differentiable Symbolic Planning: A Neural Architecture for Constraint Reasoning with Learned Feasibility19 Feb 2026
- 2026Textual Planning with Explicit Latent Transitions4 Feb 2026
- 2025Learning General Policies From Examples2 Sep 2025
- 2025Weisfeiler-Leman Features for Planning: A 1,000,000 Sample Size Hyperparameter Study25 Aug 2025
- 2025Language Models For Generalised PDDL Planning: Synthesising Sound and Programmatic Policies25 Aug 2025
- 2025LOOP: A Plug-and-Play Neuro-Symbolic Framework for Enhancing Planning in Autonomous Systems18 Aug 2025
- 2025Exploiting Symbolic Heuristics for the Synthesis of Domain-Specific Temporal Planning Guidance using Reinforcement Learning19 May 2025
- 2025Per-Domain Generalizing Policies: On Validation Instances and Scaling Behavior1 May 2025
- 2025Leveraging Action Relational Structures for Integrated Learning and Planning29 Apr 2025
- 2024Graph Learning for Planning: The Story Thus Far and Open Challenges3 Dec 2024
20 more
- 2024PDDLFuse: A Tool for Generating Diverse Planning Domains29 Nov 2024
- 2024WLPlan: Relational Features for Symbolic Planning1 Nov 2024
- 2024Learning to Select Goals in Automated Planning with Deep-Q Learning20 Jun 2024
- 2024Towards Learning Foundation Models for Heuristic Functions to Solve Pathfinding Problems1 Jun 2024
- 2024On Policy Reuse: An Expressive Language for Representing and Executing General Policies that Call Other Policies25 Mar 2024
- 2024Return to Tradition: Learning Reliable Heuristics with Classical Machine Learning25 Mar 2024
- 2023General Policies, Subgoal Structure, and Planning Width9 Nov 2023
- 2023On Using Admissible Bounds for Learning Forward Search Heuristics23 Aug 2023
- 2023Granger Causal Interaction Skill Chains15 Jun 2023
- 2023Explore to Generalize in Zero-Shot RL5 Jun 2023
- 2023Scale-Adaptive Balancing of Exploration and Exploitation in Classical Planning16 May 2023
- 2023A Review of Symbolic, Subsymbolic and Hybrid Methods for Sequential Decision Making20 Apr 2023
- 2023Generalized Planning as Heuristic Search: A new planning search-space that leverages pointers over objects26 Jan 2023
- 2022Understanding Sample Generation Strategies for Learning Heuristic Functions in Classical Planning23 Nov 2022
- 2022Reinforcement learning on graphs: A survey13 Apr 2022
- 2022Learning Generalized Policy Automata for Relational Stochastic Shortest Path Problems8 Apr 2022
- 2022Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning with AI Planning Models1 Mar 2022
- 2021Meta-Reinforcement Learning for Heuristic Planning6 Jul 2021
- 2021Learning First-Order Representations for Planning from Black-Box States: New Results23 May 2021
- 2021Learning General Policies from Small Examples Without Supervision3 Jan 2021
- 2021Learning First-Order Representations for Planning from Black-Box States: New Resultscited by 23
- 2023Explore to Generalize in Zero-Shot RLcited by 20
- 2024Return to Tradition: Learning Reliable Heuristics with Classical Machine Learningcited by 19
- 2022Reinforcement learning on graphs: A surveycited by 18
- 2021Learning General Policies from Small Examples Without Supervisioncited by 7
- 2023Generalized Planning as Heuristic Search: A new planning search-space that leverages pointers over objectscited by 6
- 2023General Policies, Subgoal Structure, and Planning Widthcited by 6
- 2023Granger Causal Interaction Skill Chainscited by 5
- 2023On Using Admissible Bounds for Learning Forward Search Heuristicscited by 5
- 2023Scale-Adaptive Balancing of Exploration and Exploitation in Classical Planningcited by 4
- 2024Towards Learning Foundation Models for Heuristic Functions to Solve Pathfinding Problemscited by 4
- 2025Leveraging Action Relational Structures for Integrated Learning and Planningcited by 4
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026LLM-Evolved Pattern Generators for Optimal Classical Planning1 Jun 2026
- 2026On Sample-Efficient Generalized Planning via Learned Transition Models26 Feb 2026
- 2026Differentiable Symbolic Planning: A Neural Architecture for Constraint Reasoning with Learned Feasibility19 Feb 2026
- 2026Textual Planning with Explicit Latent Transitions4 Feb 2026
- 2025Learning General Policies From Examples2 Sep 2025
- 2025Weisfeiler-Leman Features for Planning: A 1,000,000 Sample Size Hyperparameter Study25 Aug 2025
- 2025LOOP: A Plug-and-Play Neuro-Symbolic Framework for Enhancing Planning in Autonomous Systems18 Aug 2025
- 2025Exploiting Symbolic Heuristics for the Synthesis of Domain-Specific Temporal Planning Guidance using Reinforcement Learning19 May 2025
- 2025Per-Domain Generalizing Policies: On Validation Instances and Scaling Behavior1 May 2025
- 2025Leveraging Action Relational Structures for Integrated Learning and Planning29 Apr 2025
- 2024Graph Learning for Planning: The Story Thus Far and Open Challenges3 Dec 2024
- 2024PDDLFuse: A Tool for Generating Diverse Planning Domains29 Nov 2024
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)