Amulet: Aggregating Multi-level Convolutional Features for Salient Object Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Fully convolutional neural networks (FCNs) have shown outstanding performance in many dense labeling problems. One key pillar of these successes is mining relevant information from features in convolutional layers. However, how to better aggregate multi-level convolutional feature maps for salient object detection is underexplored. In this work, we present Amulet, a generic aggregating multi-level convolutional feature framework for salient object detection. Our framework first integrates multi-level feature maps into multiple resolutions, which simultaneously incorporate coarse semantics and fine details. Then it adaptively learns to combine these feature maps at each resolution and predict saliency maps with the combined features. Finally, the predicted results are efficiently fused to generate the final saliency map. In addition, to achieve accurate boundary inference and semantic enhancement, edge-aware feature maps in low-level layers and the predicted results of low resolution features are recursively embedded into the learning framework. By aggregating multi-level convolutional features in this efficient and flexible manner, the proposed saliency model provides accurate salient object labeling. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our method performs favorably against state-of-the art approaches in terms of near all compared evaluation metrics.
Key facts. Cited by 93 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Aug 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 43; 2022: 19; 2023: 12; 2024: 7; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.
93 papers.
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- 2021Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation by Contrasting Object Mask Proposalscited by 190
- 2021Camouflaged Object Segmentation with Distraction Miningcited by 151
- 2021Salient Object Detection via Integrity Learningcited by 133
- 2023Feature Shrinkage Pyramid for Camouflaged Object Detection with Transformerscited by 87
- 2021P2T: Pyramid Pooling Transformer for Scene Understandingcited by 84
- 2021Specificity-preserving RGB-D Saliency Detectioncited by 70
- 2022Boundary-Guided Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 68
- 2021Enhanced Boundary Learning for Glass-like Object Segmentationcited by 48
- 2021Sparse-to-dense Feature Matching: Intra and Inter domain Cross-modal Learning in Domain Adaptation for 3D Semantic Segmentationcited by 46
- 2021Finding an Unsupervised Image Segmenter in Each of Your Deep Generative Modelscited by 44
- 2021Edge-aware Guidance Fusion Network for RGB Thermal Scene Parsingcited by 44
- 2021Boundary-Aware Segmentation Network for Mobile and Web Applicationscited by 41
38 more
- 2022Feature Aggregation and Propagation Network for Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 40
- 2021Disentangled High Quality Salient Object Detectioncited by 35
- 2021Depth Quality-Inspired Feature Manipulation for Efficient RGB-D Salient Object Detectioncited by 33
- 2021TRACER: Extreme Attention Guided Salient Object Tracing Networkcited by 32
- 2024Multi-Scale and Detail-Enhanced Segment Anything Model for Salient Object Detectioncited by 29
- 2021MFNet: Multi-filter Directive Network for Weakly Supervised Salient Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2021Position, Padding and Predictions: A Deeper Look at Position Information in CNNscited by 26
- 2022Texture-guided Saliency Distilling for Unsupervised Salient Object Detectioncited by 24
- 2021Weakly-supervised Instance Segmentation via Class-agnostic Learning with Salient Imagescited by 20
- 2021Recursive Contour Saliency Blending Network for Accurate Salient Object Detectioncited by 20
- 2022A Weakly Supervised Learning Framework for Salient Object Detection via Hybrid Labelscited by 20
- 2021Salient Objects in Cluttercited by 19
- 2021Multi-Source Fusion and Automatic Predictor Selection for Zero-Shot Video Object Segmentationcited by 18
- 2022Fully Transformer Network for Change Detection of Remote Sensing Imagescited by 17
- 2023Towards Diverse Binary Segmentation via A Simple yet General Gated Networkcited by 17
- 2021Multi-Content Complementation Network for Salient Object Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Imagescited by 16
- 2023Recurrent Multi-scale Transformer for High-Resolution Salient Object Detectioncited by 15
- 2024MAS-SAM: Segment Any Marine Animal with Aggregated Featurescited by 15
- 2021Progressive Self-Guided Loss for Salient Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2021BiconNet: An Edge-preserved Connectivity-based Approach for Salient Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2021Visible Watermark Removal via Self-calibrated Localization and Background Refinementcited by 14
- 2023TransY-Net:Learning Fully Transformer Networks for Change Detection of Remote Sensing Imagescited by 13
- 2024Size-invariance Matters: Rethinking Metrics and Losses for Imbalanced Multi-object Salient Object Detectioncited by 13
- 2023DC-Net: Divide-and-Conquer for Salient Object Detectioncited by 12
- 2021Unifying Global-Local Representations in Salient Object Detection with Transformercited by 11
- 2022Progressive Glass Segmentationcited by 10
- 2021Salient Object Ranking with Position-Preserved Attentioncited by 9
- 2021Boosting Salient Object Detection with Transformer-based Asymmetric Bilateral U-Netcited by 9
- 2025Rapid Salient Object Detection with Difference Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 9
- 2021Characterizing and Improving the Robustness of Self-Supervised Learning through Background Augmentationscited by 8
- 2022Large-Field Contextual Feature Learning for Glass Detectioncited by 8
- 2024Unity is Strength: Unifying Convolutional and Transformeral Features for Better Person Re-Identificationcited by 8
- 2021GlassNet: Label Decoupling-based Three-stream Neural Network for Robust Image Glass Detectioncited by 7
- 2021Learning Synergistic Attention for Light Field Salient Object Detectioncited by 6
- 2021Inharmonious Region Localizationcited by 5
- 2022Salient Object Detection via Dynamic Scale Routingcited by 5
- 2025A Mutual Learning Method for Salient Object Detection with intertwined Multi-Supervision--Revisedcited by 5
- 2021Saliency-Aware Class-Agnostic Food Image Segmentationcited by 4
50 most cited of 93 All 93 (JSON)
- 2026RA-SOD: Reliability-Aware RGB-T Salient Object Detection under Modality Degradation11 Sep 2026
- 2026HistoSeg++: Delving deeper with attention and multiscale feature fusion for biomarker segmentation2 Jul 2026
- 2026HFP-SAM: Hierarchical Frequency Prompted SAM for Efficient Marine Animal Segmentation13 Mar 2026
- 2025A Mutual Learning Method for Salient Object Detection with intertwined Multi-Supervision--Revised21 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Size-invariant Salient Object Detection: A Generic Evaluation and Optimization Approach19 Sep 2025
- 2025Count2Density: Crowd Density Estimation without Location-level Annotations3 Sep 2025
- 2025Graph-Based Uncertainty Modeling and Multimodal Fusion for Salient Object Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025GAPNet: A Lightweight Framework for Image and Video Salient Object Detection via Granularity-Aware Paradigm11 Aug 2025
- 2025Lightweight Multi-Scale Feature Extraction with Fully Connected LMF Layer for Salient Object Detection10 Aug 2025
- 2025Rapid Salient Object Detection with Difference Convolutional Neural Networks1 Jul 2025
- 2025Rethinking Decoder Design: Improving Biomarker Segmentation Using Depth-to-Space Restoration and Residual Linear Attention23 Jun 2025
- 2025Uncertainty Guided Refinement for Fine-Grained Salient Object Detection13 Apr 2025
38 more
- 2024Unity is Strength: Unifying Convolutional and Transformeral Features for Better Person Re-Identification23 Dec 2024
- 2024Focus-Consistent Multi-Level Aggregation for Compositional Zero-Shot Learning30 Aug 2024
- 2024Multi-Scale and Detail-Enhanced Segment Anything Model for Salient Object Detection8 Aug 2024
- 2024Size-invariance Matters: Rethinking Metrics and Losses for Imbalanced Multi-object Salient Object Detection16 May 2024
- 2024SalFAU-Net: Saliency Fusion Attention U-Net for Salient Object Detection5 May 2024
- 2024MAS-SAM: Segment Any Marine Animal with Aggregated Features24 Apr 2024
- 2024Spatial Coherence Loss: All Objects Matter in Salient and Camouflaged Object Detection28 Feb 2024
- 2023Texture-Semantic Collaboration Network for ORSI Salient Object Detection6 Dec 2023
- 2023TransY-Net:Learning Fully Transformer Networks for Change Detection of Remote Sensing Images22 Oct 2023
- 2023M3Net: Multilevel, Mixed and Multistage Attention Network for Salient Object Detection15 Sep 2023
- 2023Recurrent Multi-scale Transformer for High-Resolution Salient Object Detection7 Aug 2023
- 2023Model Calibration in Dense Classification with Adaptive Label Perturbation25 Jul 2023
- 2023DC-Net: Divide-and-Conquer for Salient Object Detection24 May 2023
- 2023Guided Focal Stack Refinement Network for Light Field Salient Object Detection9 May 2023
- 2023Don't worry about mistakes! Glass Segmentation Network via Mistake Correction21 Apr 2023
- 2023Feature Shrinkage Pyramid for Camouflaged Object Detection with Transformers26 Mar 2023
- 2023Towards Diverse Binary Segmentation via A Simple yet General Gated Network18 Mar 2023
- 2023A Visual Representation-guided Framework with Global Affinity for Weakly Supervised Salient Object Detection21 Feb 2023
- 2023Random Padding Data Augmentation17 Feb 2023
- 2022Synthesize Boundaries: A Boundary-aware Self-consistent Framework for Weakly Supervised Salient Object Detection4 Dec 2022
- 2022Feature Aggregation and Propagation Network for Camouflaged Object Detection2 Dec 2022
- 2022PAANet:Visual Perception based Four-stage Framework for Salient Object Detection using High-order Contrast Operator16 Nov 2022
- 2022Multistep feature aggregation framework for salient object detection12 Nov 2022
- 2022Salient Object Detection via Dynamic Scale Routing25 Oct 2022
- 2022Fully Transformer Network for Change Detection of Remote Sensing Images3 Oct 2022
- 2022Large-Field Contextual Feature Learning for Glass Detection10 Sep 2022
- 2022A Weakly Supervised Learning Framework for Salient Object Detection via Hybrid Labels7 Sep 2022
- 2022Progressive Glass Segmentation6 Sep 2022
- 2022Semi-Supervised Cross-Modal Salient Object Detection with U-Structure Networks8 Aug 2022
- 2022Depth Quality-Inspired Feature Manipulation for Efficient RGB-D and Video Salient Object Detection8 Aug 2022
- 2022Texture-guided Saliency Distilling for Unsupervised Salient Object Detection13 Jul 2022
- 2022Boundary-Guided Camouflaged Object Detection2 Jul 2022
- 2022Dynamic Message Propagation Network for RGB-D Salient Object Detection20 Jun 2022
- 2022Pyramidal Attention for Saliency Detection14 Apr 2022
- 2022Learning Video Salient Object Detection Progressively from Unlabeled Videos5 Apr 2022
- 2022Disentangle Saliency Detection into Cascaded Detail Modeling and Body Filling8 Feb 2022
- 2022Benchmarking Deep Models for Salient Object Detection7 Feb 2022
- 2022Multi-Scale Iterative Refinement Network for RGB-D Salient Object Detection24 Jan 2022
50 newest of 93 All 93 (JSON)
- 2021Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation by Contrasting Object Mask Proposalscited by 190
- 2021Camouflaged Object Segmentation with Distraction Miningcited by 151
- 2021Salient Object Detection via Integrity Learningcited by 133
- 2023Feature Shrinkage Pyramid for Camouflaged Object Detection with Transformerscited by 87
- 2021P2T: Pyramid Pooling Transformer for Scene Understandingcited by 84
- 2021Specificity-preserving RGB-D Saliency Detectioncited by 70
- 2022Boundary-Guided Camouflaged Object Detectioncited by 68
- 2021Enhanced Boundary Learning for Glass-like Object Segmentationcited by 48
- 2021Sparse-to-dense Feature Matching: Intra and Inter domain Cross-modal Learning in Domain Adaptation for 3D Semantic Segmentationcited by 46
- 2021Finding an Unsupervised Image Segmenter in Each of Your Deep Generative Modelscited by 44
- 2021Edge-aware Guidance Fusion Network for RGB Thermal Scene Parsingcited by 44
- 2021Boundary-Aware Segmentation Network for Mobile and Web Applicationscited by 41
12 most cited of 93 All 93 (JSON)
- 2026RA-SOD: Reliability-Aware RGB-T Salient Object Detection under Modality Degradation11 Sep 2026
- 2026HistoSeg++: Delving deeper with attention and multiscale feature fusion for biomarker segmentation2 Jul 2026
- 2026HFP-SAM: Hierarchical Frequency Prompted SAM for Efficient Marine Animal Segmentation13 Mar 2026
- 2025A Mutual Learning Method for Salient Object Detection with intertwined Multi-Supervision--Revised21 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Size-invariant Salient Object Detection: A Generic Evaluation and Optimization Approach19 Sep 2025
- 2025Count2Density: Crowd Density Estimation without Location-level Annotations3 Sep 2025
- 2025Graph-Based Uncertainty Modeling and Multimodal Fusion for Salient Object Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025GAPNet: A Lightweight Framework for Image and Video Salient Object Detection via Granularity-Aware Paradigm11 Aug 2025
- 2025Lightweight Multi-Scale Feature Extraction with Fully Connected LMF Layer for Salient Object Detection10 Aug 2025
- 2025Rapid Salient Object Detection with Difference Convolutional Neural Networks1 Jul 2025
- 2025Rethinking Decoder Design: Improving Biomarker Segmentation Using Depth-to-Space Restoration and Residual Linear Attention23 Jun 2025
- 2025Uncertainty Guided Refinement for Fine-Grained Salient Object Detection13 Apr 2025
12 newest of 93 All 93 (JSON)