Synthesizing Robust Adversarial Examples
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Abstract (arXiv)
Standard methods for generating adversarial examples for neural networks do not consistently fool neural network classifiers in the physical world due to a combination of viewpoint shifts, camera noise, and other natural transformations, limiting their relevance to real-world systems. We demonstrate the existence of robust 3D adversarial objects, and we present the first algorithm for synthesizing examples that are adversarial over a chosen distribution of transformations. We synthesize two-dimensional adversarial images that are robust to noise, distortion, and affine transformation. We apply our algorithm to complex three-dimensional objects, using 3D-printing to manufacture the first physical adversarial objects. Our results demonstrate the existence of 3D adversarial objects in the physical world.
Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Jul 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 8; 2023: 6; 2024: 8; 2025: 5; 2026: 8.
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- 2023Raising the Cost of Malicious AI-Powered Image Editingcited by 160
- 2022Narcissus: A Practical Clean-Label Backdoor Attack with Limited Informationcited by 102
- 2021WaveGuard: Understanding and Mitigating Audio Adversarial Examplescited by 39
- 2023Image Shortcut Squeezing: Countering Perturbative Availability Poisons with Compressioncited by 39
- 2024Copyright Protection in Generative AI: A Technical Perspectivecited by 35
- 2022A Survey on Physical Adversarial Attack in Computer Visioncited by 24
- 2022Improving Robustness against Real-World and Worst-Case Distribution Shifts through Decision Region Quantificationcited by 16
- 2022Robust Deep Reinforcement Learning through Bootstrapped Opportunistic Curriculumcited by 15
- 2022Do Perceptually Aligned Gradients Imply Adversarial Robustness?cited by 15
- 2022Demystifying the Adversarial Robustness of Random Transformation Defensescited by 14
- 2024Object Detectors in the Open Environment: Challenges, Solutions, and Outlookcited by 13
- 2023Targeted Adversarial Attacks on Generalizable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 10
27 more
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- 2023Benchmarking Robustness to Adversarial Image Obfuscationscited by 8
- 2024How Deep Networks Learn Sparse and Hierarchical Data: the Sparse Random Hierarchy Modelcited by 7
- 2025CDUPatch: Color-Driven Universal Adversarial Patch Attack for Dual-Modal Visible-Infrared Detectorscited by 6
- 2023When Vision Fails: Text Attacks Against ViT and OCRcited by 5
- 2025Universally Unfiltered and Unseen:Input-Agnostic Multimodal Jailbreaks against Text-to-Image Model Safeguardscited by 5
- 2026TRAP: Hijacking VLA CoT-Reasoning via Adversarial Patchescited by 5
- 2024Rethinking and Red-Teaming Protective Perturbation in Personalized Diffusion Modelscited by 4
- 2026TRAP: Tail-aware Ranking Attack for World-Model Planningcited by 4
- 2021Lagrangian Objective Function Leads to Improved Unforeseen Attack Generalization in Adversarial Trainingcited by 3
- 2021Detect and Defense Against Adversarial Examples in Deep Learning using Natural Scene Statistics and Adaptive Denoisingcited by 3
- 2022Causal Scene BERT: Improving object detection by searching for challenging groups of datacited by 3
- 2025Adversarial Confusion Attack: Disrupting Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2026Just Noticeable Difference Modeling for Deep Visual Featurescited by 3
- 2023Why Don't You Clean Your Glasses? Perception Attacks with Dynamic Optical Perturbationscited by 2
- 2025Sample-Specific Noise Injection For Diffusion-Based Adversarial Purificationcited by 2
- 2022Is Face Recognition Safe from Realizable Attacks?cited by 1
- 2024DePatch: Towards Robust Adversarial Patch for Evading Person Detectors in the Real Worldcited by 1
- 2021DAFAR: Defending against Adversaries by Feedback-Autoencoder Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2024Pre-trained Encoder Inference: Revealing Upstream Encoders In Downstream Machine Learning Servicescited by 0
- 2024CapGen:An Environment-Adaptive Generator of Adversarial Patchescited by 0
- 2025Probably Approximately Global Robustness Certificationcited by 0
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- 2026When Surfaces Lie: Exploiting Wrinkle-Induced Attention Shift to Attack Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026AdvScene: Rethinking Adversarial Patch Evaluation Through Scene Robustnesscited by 0
- 2026InfraPatch: Cross-Task Targeted Grayscale Patch Attacks on Infrared-Adapted Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026HAND: A Biologically-Inspired Activation Function that Improves Generalisation and Sample Efficiency in Image Classificationcited by 0
- 2026HAND: A Biologically-Inspired Activation Function that Improves Generalisation and Sample Efficiency in Image Classification8 Oct 2026
- 2026InfraPatch: Cross-Task Targeted Grayscale Patch Attacks on Infrared-Adapted Vision-Language Models2 Sep 2026
- 2026AdvScene: Rethinking Adversarial Patch Evaluation Through Scene Robustness28 May 2026
- 2026TRAP: Tail-aware Ranking Attack for World-Model Planning3 May 2026
- 2026When Surfaces Lie: Exploiting Wrinkle-Induced Attention Shift to Attack Vision-Language Models29 Mar 2026
- 2026TRAP: Hijacking VLA CoT-Reasoning via Adversarial Patches24 Mar 2026
- 2026Defining Explainable AI for Requirements Analysis22 Feb 2026
- 2026Just Noticeable Difference Modeling for Deep Visual Features29 Jan 2026
- 2025Adversarial Confusion Attack: Disrupting Multimodal Large Language Models25 Nov 2025
- 2025Probably Approximately Global Robustness Certification9 Nov 2025
- 2025Universally Unfiltered and Unseen:Input-Agnostic Multimodal Jailbreaks against Text-to-Image Model Safeguards30 Jul 2025
- 2025Sample-Specific Noise Injection For Diffusion-Based Adversarial Purification6 Jun 2025
27 more
- 2025CDUPatch: Color-Driven Universal Adversarial Patch Attack for Dual-Modal Visible-Infrared Detectors15 Apr 2025
- 2024CapGen:An Environment-Adaptive Generator of Adversarial Patches10 Dec 2024
- 2024DePatch: Towards Robust Adversarial Patch for Evading Person Detectors in the Real World13 Aug 2024
- 2024Pre-trained Encoder Inference: Revealing Upstream Encoders In Downstream Machine Learning Services5 Aug 2024
- 2024Rethinking and Red-Teaming Protective Perturbation in Personalized Diffusion Models27 Jun 2024
- 2024How Deep Networks Learn Sparse and Hierarchical Data: the Sparse Random Hierarchy Model16 Apr 2024
- 2024Object Detectors in the Open Environment: Challenges, Solutions, and Outlook24 Mar 2024
- 2024Copyright Protection in Generative AI: A Technical Perspective4 Feb 2024
- 2024PRIME: Protect Your Videos From Malicious Editing2 Feb 2024
- 2023Targeted Adversarial Attacks on Generalizable Neural Radiance Fields5 Oct 2023
- 2023Why Don't You Clean Your Glasses? Perception Attacks with Dynamic Optical Perturbations24 Jul 2023
- 2023When Vision Fails: Text Attacks Against ViT and OCR12 Jun 2023
- 2023Raising the Cost of Malicious AI-Powered Image Editing13 Feb 2023
- 2023Image Shortcut Squeezing: Countering Perturbative Availability Poisons with Compression31 Jan 2023
- 2023Benchmarking Robustness to Adversarial Image Obfuscations30 Jan 2023
- 2022Is Face Recognition Safe from Realizable Attacks?15 Oct 2022
- 2022A Survey on Physical Adversarial Attack in Computer Vision28 Sep 2022
- 2022Do Perceptually Aligned Gradients Imply Adversarial Robustness?22 Jul 2022
- 2022Robust Deep Reinforcement Learning through Bootstrapped Opportunistic Curriculum21 Jun 2022
- 2022Demystifying the Adversarial Robustness of Random Transformation Defenses18 Jun 2022
- 2022Improving Robustness against Real-World and Worst-Case Distribution Shifts through Decision Region Quantification19 May 2022
- 2022Narcissus: A Practical Clean-Label Backdoor Attack with Limited Information11 Apr 2022
- 2022Causal Scene BERT: Improving object detection by searching for challenging groups of data8 Feb 2022
- 2021Detect and Defense Against Adversarial Examples in Deep Learning using Natural Scene Statistics and Adaptive Denoising12 Jul 2021
- 2021Lagrangian Objective Function Leads to Improved Unforeseen Attack Generalization in Adversarial Training29 Mar 2021
- 2021DAFAR: Defending against Adversaries by Feedback-Autoencoder Reconstruction11 Mar 2021
- 2021WaveGuard: Understanding and Mitigating Audio Adversarial Examples4 Mar 2021
- 2025Adversarial Confusion Attack: Disrupting Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 3
- 2026When Surfaces Lie: Exploiting Wrinkle-Induced Attention Shift to Attack Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026InfraPatch: Cross-Task Targeted Grayscale Patch Attacks on Infrared-Adapted Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026InfraPatch: Cross-Task Targeted Grayscale Patch Attacks on Infrared-Adapted Vision-Language Models2 Sep 2026
- 2026When Surfaces Lie: Exploiting Wrinkle-Induced Attention Shift to Attack Vision-Language Models29 Mar 2026
- 2025Adversarial Confusion Attack: Disrupting Multimodal Large Language Models25 Nov 2025
- 2026TRAP: Hijacking VLA CoT-Reasoning via Adversarial Patches24 Mar 2026
- 2026TRAP: Tail-aware Ranking Attack for World-Model Planningcited by 4
- 2026TRAP: Tail-aware Ranking Attack for World-Model Planning3 May 2026
- 2022Narcissus: A Practical Clean-Label Backdoor Attack with Limited Informationcited by 102
- 2021WaveGuard: Understanding and Mitigating Audio Adversarial Examplescited by 39
- 2023Image Shortcut Squeezing: Countering Perturbative Availability Poisons with Compressioncited by 39
- 2024Copyright Protection in Generative AI: A Technical Perspectivecited by 35
- 2022A Survey on Physical Adversarial Attack in Computer Visioncited by 24
- 2022Improving Robustness against Real-World and Worst-Case Distribution Shifts through Decision Region Quantificationcited by 16
- 2022Robust Deep Reinforcement Learning through Bootstrapped Opportunistic Curriculumcited by 15
- 2022Do Perceptually Aligned Gradients Imply Adversarial Robustness?cited by 15
- 2022Demystifying the Adversarial Robustness of Random Transformation Defensescited by 14
- 2024Object Detectors in the Open Environment: Challenges, Solutions, and Outlookcited by 13
- 2023Targeted Adversarial Attacks on Generalizable Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 10
- 2024PRIME: Protect Your Videos From Malicious Editingcited by 9
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026HAND: A Biologically-Inspired Activation Function that Improves Generalisation and Sample Efficiency in Image Classification8 Oct 2026
- 2026AdvScene: Rethinking Adversarial Patch Evaluation Through Scene Robustness28 May 2026
- 2026Defining Explainable AI for Requirements Analysis22 Feb 2026
- 2026Just Noticeable Difference Modeling for Deep Visual Features29 Jan 2026
- 2025Probably Approximately Global Robustness Certification9 Nov 2025
- 2025Sample-Specific Noise Injection For Diffusion-Based Adversarial Purification6 Jun 2025
- 2025CDUPatch: Color-Driven Universal Adversarial Patch Attack for Dual-Modal Visible-Infrared Detectors15 Apr 2025
- 2024CapGen:An Environment-Adaptive Generator of Adversarial Patches10 Dec 2024
- 2024DePatch: Towards Robust Adversarial Patch for Evading Person Detectors in the Real World13 Aug 2024
- 2024Pre-trained Encoder Inference: Revealing Upstream Encoders In Downstream Machine Learning Services5 Aug 2024
- 2024How Deep Networks Learn Sparse and Hierarchical Data: the Sparse Random Hierarchy Model16 Apr 2024
- 2024Object Detectors in the Open Environment: Challenges, Solutions, and Outlook24 Mar 2024
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)