Sequence-to-Sequence Models Can Directly Translate Foreign Speech
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a recurrent encoder-decoder deep neural network architecture that directly translates speech in one language into text in another. The model does not explicitly transcribe the speech into text in the source language, nor does it require supervision from the ground truth source language transcription during training. We apply a slightly modified sequence-to-sequence with attention architecture that has previously been used for speech recognition and show that it can be repurposed for this more complex task, illustrating the power of attention-based models. A single model trained end-to-end obtains state-of-the-art performance on the Fisher Callhome Spanish-English speech translation task, outperforming a cascade of independently trained sequence-to-sequence speech recognition and machine translation models by 1.8 BLEU points on the Fisher test set. In addition, we find that making use of the training data in both languages by multi-task training sequence-to-sequence speech translation and recognition models with a shared encoder network can improve performance by a further 1.4 BLEU points.
Key facts. Cited by 121 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 34; 2022: 32; 2023: 27; 2024: 13; 2025: 10; 2026: 5.
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- 2021Direct speech-to-speech translation with discrete unitscited by 148
- 2023On decoder-only architecture for speech-to-text and large language model integrationcited by 144
- 2021Recent Advances in End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 138
- 2021The Multilingual TEDx Corpus for Speech Recognition and Translationcited by 101
- 2022CVSS Corpus and Massively Multilingual Speech-to-Speech Translationcited by 71
- 2021Translatotron 2: High-quality direct speech-to-speech translation with voice preservationcited by 69
- 2022Unified Speech-Text Pre-training for Speech Translation and Recognitioncited by 64
- 2022Cross-modal Contrastive Learning for Speech Translationcited by 61
- 2022UnitY: Two-pass Direct Speech-to-speech Translation with Discrete Unitscited by 60
- 2022STEMM: Self-learning with Speech-text Manifold Mixup for Speech Translationcited by 57
- 2021Cascade versus Direct Speech Translation: Do the Differences Still Make a Difference?cited by 54
- 2021Improving Speech Translation by Understanding and Learning from the Auxiliary Text Translation Taskcited by 54
38 more
- 2021Learning Shared Semantic Space for Speech-to-Text Translationcited by 49
- 2021Stacked Acoustic-and-Textual Encoding: Integrating the Pre-trained Models into Speech Translation Encoderscited by 48
- 2021Fused Acoustic and Text Encoding for Multimodal Bilingual Pretraining and Speech Translationcited by 47
- 2021CTC-based Compression for Direct Speech Translationcited by 45
- 2022Enhanced Direct Speech-to-Speech Translation Using Self-supervised Pre-training and Data Augmentationcited by 43
- 2023Transformers in Speech Processing: A Surveycited by 38
- 2021Large-Scale Self- and Semi-Supervised Learning for Speech Translationcited by 36
- 2022Attention as a Guide for Simultaneous Speech Translationcited by 32
- 2022Large-Scale Streaming End-to-End Speech Translation with Neural Transducerscited by 31
- 2021Learning When to Translate for Streaming Speechcited by 30
- 2021Source and Target Bidirectional Knowledge Distillation for End-to-end Speech Translationcited by 27
- 2023Pre-training for Speech Translation: CTC Meets Optimal Transportcited by 25
- 2021Searchable Hidden Intermediates for End-to-End Models of Decomposable Sequence Taskscited by 24
- 2021fairseq S^2: A Scalable and Integrable Speech Synthesis Toolkitcited by 24
- 2021Investigating the Reordering Capability in CTC-based Non-Autoregressive End-to-End Speech Translationcited by 23
- 2022Under the Morphosyntactic Lens: A Multifaceted Evaluation of Gender Bias in Speech Translationcited by 23
- 2023End-to-End Simultaneous Speech Translation with Differentiable Segmentationcited by 22
- 2022WACO: Word-Aligned Contrastive Learning for Speech Translationcited by 21
- 2022Leveraging unsupervised and weakly-supervised data to improve direct speech-to-speech translationcited by 20
- 2023Hybrid Transducer and Attention based Encoder-Decoder Modeling for Speech-to-Text Taskscited by 20
- 2024StreamAtt: Direct Streaming Speech-to-Text Translation with Attention-based Audio History Selectioncited by 19
- 2024Exploring the Capability of Mamba in Speech Applicationscited by 19
- 2021Machine Translation Verbosity Control for Automatic Dubbingcited by 18
- 2023STT4SG-350: A Speech Corpus for All Swiss German Dialect Regionscited by 18
- 2024How "Real" is Your Real-Time Simultaneous Speech-to-Text Translation System?cited by 17
- 2021BSTC: A Large-Scale Chinese-English Speech Translation Datasetcited by 16
- 2021End-to-End Speech Translation with Pre-trained Models and Adapters: UPC at IWSLT 2021cited by 16
- 2021Regularizing End-to-End Speech Translation with Triangular Decomposition Agreementcited by 16
- 2022T-Modules: Translation Modules for Zero-Shot Cross-Modal Machine Translationcited by 16
- 2021Speechformer: Reducing Information Loss in Direct Speech Translationcited by 15
- 2022M-Adapter: Modality Adaptation for End-to-End Speech-to-Text Translationcited by 15
- 2023Understanding and Bridging the Modality Gap for Speech Translationcited by 15
- 2023Recent Advances in Direct Speech-to-text Translationcited by 15
- 2025High-Fidelity Simultaneous Speech-To-Speech Translationcited by 15
- 2023When Good and Reproducible Results are a Giant with Feet of Clay: The Importance of Software Quality in NLPcited by 14
- 2024A Survey of Generative Techniques for Spatial-Temporal Data Miningcited by 14
- 2021Attention-Based Keyword Localisation in Speech using Visual Groundingcited by 13
- 2022Non-Parametric Domain Adaptation for End-to-End Speech Translationcited by 12
50 most cited of 121 All 121 (JSON)
- 2026Transcribe, Translate, and Optimize: Joint Reward Learning for Speech Translation22 Sep 2026
- 2026Automatic Lyric Transcription for Greek Songs: Scaling and Task Composition Effects in Whisper Adaptation10 Sep 2026
- 2026Leveraging Audio-LLMs to Filter Speech-to-Speech Training Data11 Jun 2026
- 2026NaturalFlow: Reducing Disruptive Pauses for Natural Speech Flow in Simultaneous Speech-to-Speech Translation11 Jun 2026
- 2026Listen, Attend, Understand: a Regularization Technique for Stable E2E Speech Translation Training on High Variance labels3 Jan 2026
- 2025Hearing to Translate: The Effectiveness of Speech Modality Integration into LLMs18 Dec 2025
- 2025Whisper-UT: A Unified Translation Framework for Speech and Text19 Sep 2025
- 2025SASST: Leveraging Syntax-Aware Chunking and LLMs for Simultaneous Speech Translation11 Aug 2025
- 2025DWIM: Towards Tool-aware Visual Reasoning via Discrepancy-aware Workflow Generation & Instruct-Masking Tuning25 Mar 2025
- 2025AdaST: Dynamically Adapting Encoder States in the Decoder for End-to-End Speech-to-Text Translation18 Mar 2025
- 2025Joint Training And Decoding for Multilingual End-to-End Simultaneous Speech Translation14 Mar 2025
- 2025MAVFlow: Preserving Paralinguistic Elements with Conditional Flow Matching for Zero-Shot AV2AV Multilingual Translation14 Mar 2025
38 more
- 2025Speech to Speech Translation with Translatotron: A State of the Art Review9 Feb 2025
- 2025High-Fidelity Simultaneous Speech-To-Speech Translation5 Feb 2025
- 2025Prepending or Cross-Attention for Speech-to-Text? An Empirical Comparison4 Jan 2025
- 2024How "Real" is Your Real-Time Simultaneous Speech-to-Text Translation System?24 Dec 2024
- 2024Towards Building Large Scale Datasets and State-of-the-Art Automatic Speech Translation Systems for 14 Indian Languages7 Nov 2024
- 2024LLM-Ref: Enhancing Reference Handling in Technical Writing with Large Language Models1 Nov 2024
- 2024CTC-GMM: CTC guided modality matching for fast and accurate streaming speech translation7 Oct 2024
- 2024LLaST: Improved End-to-end Speech Translation System Leveraged by Large Language Models22 Jul 2024
- 2024Exploring the Capability of Mamba in Speech Applications24 Jun 2024
- 2024CoSTA: Code-Switched Speech Translation using Aligned Speech-Text Interleaving16 Jun 2024
- 2024Lightweight Audio Segmentation for Long-form Speech Translation15 Jun 2024
- 2024Simul-Whisper: Attention-Guided Streaming Whisper with Truncation Detection14 Jun 2024
- 2024Soft Language Identification for Language-Agnostic Many-to-One End-to-End Speech Translation12 Jun 2024
- 2024StreamAtt: Direct Streaming Speech-to-Text Translation with Attention-based Audio History Selection10 Jun 2024
- 2024SBAAM! Eliminating Transcript Dependency in Automatic Subtitling17 May 2024
- 2024A Survey of Generative Techniques for Spatial-Temporal Data Mining15 May 2024
- 2023Efficient Monotonic Multihead Attention7 Dec 2023
- 2023End-to-End Speech-to-Text Translation: A Survey2 Dec 2023
- 2023Rethinking and Improving Multi-task Learning for End-to-end Speech Translation7 Nov 2023
- 2023End-to-End Single-Channel Speaker-Turn Aware Conversational Speech Translation1 Nov 2023
- 2023Towards a Deep Understanding of Multilingual End-to-End Speech Translation31 Oct 2023
- 2023Modular Speech-to-Text Translation for Zero-Shot Cross-Modal Transfer5 Oct 2023
- 2023Tuning Large language model for End-to-end Speech Translation3 Oct 2023
- 2023Direct Models for Simultaneous Translation and Automatic Subtitling: FBK@IWSLT202327 Sep 2023
- 2023Linguistically-Informed Neural Architectures for Lexical, Syntactic and Semantic Tasks in Sanskrit17 Aug 2023
- 2023Improving End-to-End Speech Translation by Imitation-Based Knowledge Distillation with Synthetic Transcripts17 Jul 2023
- 2023On decoder-only architecture for speech-to-text and large language model integration8 Jul 2023
- 2023Recent Advances in Direct Speech-to-text Translation20 Jun 2023
- 2023Modality Adaption or Regularization? A Case Study on End-to-End Speech Translation13 Jun 2023
- 2023STT4SG-350: A Speech Corpus for All Swiss German Dialect Regions30 May 2023
- 2023CTC-based Non-autoregressive Speech Translation27 May 2023
- 2023End-to-End Simultaneous Speech Translation with Differentiable Segmentation25 May 2023
- 2023ComSL: A Composite Speech-Language Model for End-to-End Speech-to-Text Translation24 May 2023
- 2023Improving speech translation by fusing speech and text23 May 2023
- 2023Duplex Diffusion Models Improve Speech-to-Speech Translation22 May 2023
- 2023Understanding and Bridging the Modality Gap for Speech Translation15 May 2023
- 2023Improving Cascaded Unsupervised Speech Translation with Denoising Back-translation12 May 2023
- 2023Hybrid Transducer and Attention based Encoder-Decoder Modeling for Speech-to-Text Tasks4 May 2023
50 newest of 121 All 121 (JSON)
- 2024Exploring the Capability of Mamba in Speech Applicationscited by 19
- 2024Exploring the Capability of Mamba in Speech Applications24 Jun 2024
- 2021Direct speech-to-speech translation with discrete unitscited by 148
- 2023On decoder-only architecture for speech-to-text and large language model integrationcited by 144
- 2021Recent Advances in End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 138
- 2021The Multilingual TEDx Corpus for Speech Recognition and Translationcited by 101
- 2022CVSS Corpus and Massively Multilingual Speech-to-Speech Translationcited by 71
- 2021Translatotron 2: High-quality direct speech-to-speech translation with voice preservationcited by 69
- 2022Unified Speech-Text Pre-training for Speech Translation and Recognitioncited by 64
- 2022Cross-modal Contrastive Learning for Speech Translationcited by 61
- 2022UnitY: Two-pass Direct Speech-to-speech Translation with Discrete Unitscited by 60
- 2022STEMM: Self-learning with Speech-text Manifold Mixup for Speech Translationcited by 57
- 2021Cascade versus Direct Speech Translation: Do the Differences Still Make a Difference?cited by 54
- 2021Improving Speech Translation by Understanding and Learning from the Auxiliary Text Translation Taskcited by 54
12 most cited of 115 All 115 (JSON)
- 2026Automatic Lyric Transcription for Greek Songs: Scaling and Task Composition Effects in Whisper Adaptation10 Sep 2026
- 2026Leveraging Audio-LLMs to Filter Speech-to-Speech Training Data11 Jun 2026
- 2026NaturalFlow: Reducing Disruptive Pauses for Natural Speech Flow in Simultaneous Speech-to-Speech Translation11 Jun 2026
- 2026Listen, Attend, Understand: a Regularization Technique for Stable E2E Speech Translation Training on High Variance labels3 Jan 2026
- 2025Hearing to Translate: The Effectiveness of Speech Modality Integration into LLMs18 Dec 2025
- 2025Whisper-UT: A Unified Translation Framework for Speech and Text19 Sep 2025
- 2025SASST: Leveraging Syntax-Aware Chunking and LLMs for Simultaneous Speech Translation11 Aug 2025
- 2025AdaST: Dynamically Adapting Encoder States in the Decoder for End-to-End Speech-to-Text Translation18 Mar 2025
- 2025Joint Training And Decoding for Multilingual End-to-End Simultaneous Speech Translation14 Mar 2025
- 2025Speech to Speech Translation with Translatotron: A State of the Art Review9 Feb 2025
- 2025High-Fidelity Simultaneous Speech-To-Speech Translation5 Feb 2025
- 2025Prepending or Cross-Attention for Speech-to-Text? An Empirical Comparison4 Jan 2025
12 newest of 115 All 115 (JSON)