Deep Feature Interpolation for Image Content Changes
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We propose Deep Feature Interpolation (DFI), a new data-driven baseline for automatic high-resolution image transformation. As the name suggests, it relies only on simple linear interpolation of deep convolutional features from pre-trained convnets. We show that despite its simplicity, DFI can perform high-level semantic transformations like "make older/younger", "make bespectacled", "add smile", among others, surprisingly well - sometimes even matching or outperforming the state-of-the-art. This is particularly unexpected as DFI requires no specialized network architecture or even any deep network to be trained for these tasks. DFI therefore can be used as a new baseline to evaluate more complex algorithms and provides a practical answer to the question of which image transformation tasks are still challenging in the rise of deep learning.
Key facts. Cited by 80 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Nov 2016.
Builds on
No reference list yet.
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 20; 2022: 23; 2023: 13; 2024: 11; 2025: 12; 2026: 1.
80 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2024Improving Alignment and Robustness with Circuit Breakerscited by 322
- 2025AxBench: Steering LLMs? Even Simple Baselines Outperform Sparse Autoencoderscited by 218
- 2023Glaze: Protecting Artists from Style Mimicry by Text-to-Image Modelscited by 205
- 2023Exposing flaws of generative model evaluation metrics and their unfair treatment of diffusion modelscited by 205
- 2023A Complete Survey on Generative AI (AIGC): Is ChatGPT from GPT-4 to GPT-5 All You Need?cited by 84
- 2024Adaptive Activation Steering: A Tuning-Free LLM Truthfulness Improvement Method for Diverse Hallucinations Categoriescited by 77
- 2021Differentiable Quality Diversitycited by 72
- 2021A Latent Transformer for Disentangled Face Editing in Images and Videoscited by 67
- 2021Transferable Semantic Augmentation for Domain Adaptationcited by 56
- 2022Spectral Feature Augmentation for Graph Contrastive Learning and Beyondcited by 49
- 2023NoiseCLR: A Contrastive Learning Approach for Unsupervised Discovery of Interpretable Directions in Diffusion Modelscited by 47
- 2025CO-SPY: Combining Semantic and Pixel Features to Detect Synthetic Images by AIcited by 42
38 more
- 2025Enhancing Automated Interpretability with Output-Centric Feature Descriptionscited by 41
- 2021StyleMC: Multi-Channel Based Fast Text-Guided Image Generation and Manipulationcited by 40
- 2021CoReD: Generalizing Fake Media Detection with Continual Representation using Distillationcited by 37
- 2022Implicit Sample Extension for Unsupervised Person Re-Identificationcited by 31
- 2022ReMix: A General and Efficient Framework for Multiple Instance Learning based Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 30
- 2023RadEdit: stress-testing biomedical vision models via diffusion image editingcited by 28
- 2021CoMoGAN: continuous model-guided image-to-image translationcited by 27
- 2021Do Not Escape From the Manifold: Discovering the Local Coordinates on the Latent Space of GANscited by 26
- 2022You Only Cut Once: Boosting Data Augmentation with a Single Cutcited by 22
- 2022Controllable Data Generation by Deep Learning: A Reviewcited by 20
- 2023Learning to Extrapolate: A Transductive Approachcited by 19
- 2022AdaFocusV3: On Unified Spatial-temporal Dynamic Video Recognitioncited by 18
- 2021PU-Flow: a Point Cloud Upsampling Network with Normalizing Flowscited by 17
- 2022Towards better understanding and better generalization of few-shot classification in histology images with contrastive learningcited by 16
- 2022GAN-based Facial Attribute Manipulationcited by 16
- 2024HiddenGuard: Fine-Grained Safe Generation with Specialized Representation Routercited by 16
- 2021Behavior-Driven Synthesis of Human Dynamicscited by 14
- 2022FAKD: Feature Augmented Knowledge Distillation for Semantic Segmentationcited by 14
- 2021DeepBlur: A Simple and Effective Method for Natural Image Obfuscationcited by 13
- 2021Attribute-specific Control Units in StyleGAN for Fine-grained Image Manipulationcited by 13
- 2022Portrait Eyeglasses and Shadow Removal by Leveraging 3D Synthetic Datacited by 11
- 2022Exploring Gradient-based Multi-directional Controls in GANscited by 10
- 2023Spatially Covariant Lesion Segmentationcited by 10
- 2021DEX: Domain Embedding Expansion for Generalized Person Re-identificationcited by 8
- 2023Conservative Prediction via Data-Driven Confidence Minimizationcited by 8
- 2021Inverting Adversarially Robust Networks for Image Synthesiscited by 6
- 2021FreeStyleGAN: Free-view Editable Portrait Rendering with the Camera Manifoldcited by 6
- 2023Non-exemplar Class-incremental Learning by Random Auxiliary Classes Augmentation and Mixed Featurescited by 6
- 2021NeRD: Neural Representation of Distribution for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 5
- 2024BSDA: Bayesian Random Semantic Data Augmentation for Medical Image Classificationcited by 5
- 2024Going beyond Compositions, DDPMs Can Produce Zero-Shot Interpolationscited by 5
- 2022Vec2Face-v2: Unveil Human Faces from their Blackbox Features via Attention-based Network in Face Recognitioncited by 4
- 2023Learning Iterative Neural Optimizers for Image Steganographycited by 4
- 2024What Has Been Overlooked in Contrastive Source-Free Domain Adaptation: Leveraging Source-Informed Latent Augmentation within Neighborhood Contextcited by 4
- 2021Heredity-aware Child Face Image Generation with Latent Space Disentanglementcited by 3
- 2022A comprehensive survey on semantic facial attribute editing using generative adversarial networkscited by 3
- 2022Analyzing the Latent Space of GAN through Local Dimension Estimationcited by 3
- 2024A Unified Deep Semantic Expansion Framework for Domain-Generalized Person Re-identificationcited by 3
50 most cited of 80 All 80 (JSON)
- 2026BARE: Towards Bias-Aware and Reasoning-Enhanced One-Tower Visual Grounding4 Jan 2026
- 2025Test-Time Adaptation by Causal Trimming13 Oct 2025
- 2025Latent Iterative Refinement Flow: A Geometric Constrained Approach for Few-Shot Generation24 Sep 2025
- 2025Learning Semantic Directions for Feature Augmentation in Domain-Generalized Medical Segmentation31 Jul 2025
- 2025ConStyX: Content Style Augmentation for Generalizable Medical Image Segmentation12 Jun 2025
- 2025Hyperbolic Dual Feature Augmentation for Open-Environment10 Jun 2025
- 2025LangDAug: Langevin Data Augmentation for Multi-Source Domain Generalization in Medical Image Segmentation26 May 2025
- 2025Bringing Diversity from Diffusion Models to Semantic-Guided Face Asset Generation21 Apr 2025
- 2025CO-SPY: Combining Semantic and Pixel Features to Detect Synthetic Images by AI24 Mar 2025
- 2025Implicit Word Reordering with Knowledge Distillation for Cross-Lingual Dependency Parsing24 Feb 2025
- 2025Semantic Data Augmentation Enhanced Invariant Risk Minimization for Medical Image Domain Generalization8 Feb 2025
- 2025AxBench: Steering LLMs? Even Simple Baselines Outperform Sparse Autoencoders28 Jan 2025
38 more
- 2025Enhancing Automated Interpretability with Output-Centric Feature Descriptions14 Jan 2025
- 2024What Has Been Overlooked in Contrastive Source-Free Domain Adaptation: Leveraging Source-Informed Latent Augmentation within Neighborhood Context18 Dec 2024
- 2024Semantic Data Augmentation for Long-tailed Facial Expression Recognition26 Nov 2024
- 2024A Unified Deep Semantic Expansion Framework for Domain-Generalized Person Re-identification11 Oct 2024
- 2024HiddenGuard: Fine-Grained Safe Generation with Specialized Representation Router3 Oct 2024
- 2024Student-Oriented Teacher Knowledge Refinement for Knowledge Distillation27 Sep 2024
- 2024Improving Alignment and Robustness with Circuit Breakers6 Jun 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-based Cross-modal Reconstruction of Vehicle Target from Sparse 3D SAR Image6 Jun 2024
- 2024Going beyond Compositions, DDPMs Can Produce Zero-Shot Interpolations29 May 2024
- 2024Adaptive Activation Steering: A Tuning-Free LLM Truthfulness Improvement Method for Diverse Hallucinations Categories26 May 2024
- 2024Inference-Time Rule Eraser: Fair Recognition via Distilling and Removing Biased Rules7 Apr 2024
- 2024BSDA: Bayesian Random Semantic Data Augmentation for Medical Image Classification10 Mar 2024
- 2023RadEdit: stress-testing biomedical vision models via diffusion image editing20 Dec 2023
- 2023NoiseCLR: A Contrastive Learning Approach for Unsupervised Discovery of Interpretable Directions in Diffusion Models8 Dec 2023
- 2023Generative AI Model for Artistic Style Transfer Using Convolutional Neural Networks27 Oct 2023
- 2023Vicinal Feature Statistics Augmentation for Federated 3D Medical Volume Segmentation23 Oct 2023
- 2023Conservative Prediction via Data-Driven Confidence Minimization8 Jun 2023
- 2023Exposing flaws of generative model evaluation metrics and their unfair treatment of diffusion models7 Jun 2023
- 2023Learning to Extrapolate: A Transductive Approach27 Apr 2023
- 2023Non-exemplar Class-incremental Learning by Random Auxiliary Classes Augmentation and Mixed Features16 Apr 2023
- 2023Learning Iterative Neural Optimizers for Image Steganography27 Mar 2023
- 2023A Complete Survey on Generative AI (AIGC): Is ChatGPT from GPT-4 to GPT-5 All You Need?21 Mar 2023
- 2023Glaze: Protecting Artists from Style Mimicry by Text-to-Image Models8 Feb 2023
- 2023GANalyzer: Analysis and Manipulation of GANs Latent Space for Controllable Face Synthesis2 Feb 2023
- 2023Spatially Covariant Lesion Segmentation19 Jan 2023
- 2022A Class-wise Non-salient Region Generalized Framework for Video Semantic Segmentation29 Dec 2022
- 2022Spectral Feature Augmentation for Graph Contrastive Learning and Beyond2 Dec 2022
- 2022Intra-class Adaptive Augmentation with Neighbor Correction for Deep Metric Learning29 Nov 2022
- 20223DLatNav: Navigating Generative Latent Spaces for Semantic-Aware 3D Object Manipulation17 Nov 2022
- 2022GAN-based Facial Attribute Manipulation23 Oct 2022
- 2022Finding the global semantic representation in GAN through Frechet Mean11 Oct 2022
- 2022AdaFocusV3: On Unified Spatial-temporal Dynamic Video Recognition27 Sep 2022
- 2022CCR: Facial Image Editing with Continuity, Consistency and Reversibility22 Sep 2022
- 2022Vec2Face-v2: Unveil Human Faces from their Blackbox Features via Attention-based Network in Face Recognition11 Sep 2022
- 2022Exploring Gradient-based Multi-directional Controls in GANs1 Sep 2022
- 2022FAKD: Feature Augmented Knowledge Distillation for Semantic Segmentation30 Aug 2022
- 2022Contrastive Monotonic Pixel-Level Modulation23 Jul 2022
- 2022Controllable Data Generation by Deep Learning: A Review19 Jul 2022
50 newest of 80 All 80 (JSON)
- 2023Glaze: Protecting Artists from Style Mimicry by Text-to-Image Modelscited by 205
- 2023Exposing flaws of generative model evaluation metrics and their unfair treatment of diffusion modelscited by 205
- 2023NoiseCLR: A Contrastive Learning Approach for Unsupervised Discovery of Interpretable Directions in Diffusion Modelscited by 47
- 2024Going beyond Compositions, DDPMs Can Produce Zero-Shot Interpolationscited by 5
- 2025Bringing Diversity from Diffusion Models to Semantic-Guided Face Asset Generationcited by 0
- 2025Latent Iterative Refinement Flow: A Geometric Constrained Approach for Few-Shot Generationcited by 0
- 2025Latent Iterative Refinement Flow: A Geometric Constrained Approach for Few-Shot Generation24 Sep 2025
- 2025Bringing Diversity from Diffusion Models to Semantic-Guided Face Asset Generation21 Apr 2025
- 2024Going beyond Compositions, DDPMs Can Produce Zero-Shot Interpolations29 May 2024
- 2023NoiseCLR: A Contrastive Learning Approach for Unsupervised Discovery of Interpretable Directions in Diffusion Models8 Dec 2023
- 2023Exposing flaws of generative model evaluation metrics and their unfair treatment of diffusion models7 Jun 2023
- 2023Glaze: Protecting Artists from Style Mimicry by Text-to-Image Models8 Feb 2023
- 2021CoReD: Generalizing Fake Media Detection with Continual Representation using Distillationcited by 37
- 2022FAKD: Feature Augmented Knowledge Distillation for Semantic Segmentationcited by 14
- 2024Student-Oriented Teacher Knowledge Refinement for Knowledge Distillationcited by 1
- 2025Implicit Word Reordering with Knowledge Distillation for Cross-Lingual Dependency Parsingcited by 0
- 2025Implicit Word Reordering with Knowledge Distillation for Cross-Lingual Dependency Parsing24 Feb 2025
- 2024Student-Oriented Teacher Knowledge Refinement for Knowledge Distillation27 Sep 2024
- 2022FAKD: Feature Augmented Knowledge Distillation for Semantic Segmentation30 Aug 2022
- 2021CoReD: Generalizing Fake Media Detection with Continual Representation using Distillation6 Jul 2021
- 2023A Complete Survey on Generative AI (AIGC): Is ChatGPT from GPT-4 to GPT-5 All You Need?cited by 84
- 2021Differentiable Quality Diversitycited by 72
- 2021A Latent Transformer for Disentangled Face Editing in Images and Videoscited by 67
- 2021Transferable Semantic Augmentation for Domain Adaptationcited by 56
- 2022Spectral Feature Augmentation for Graph Contrastive Learning and Beyondcited by 49
- 2025CO-SPY: Combining Semantic and Pixel Features to Detect Synthetic Images by AIcited by 42
- 2025Enhancing Automated Interpretability with Output-Centric Feature Descriptionscited by 41
- 2021StyleMC: Multi-Channel Based Fast Text-Guided Image Generation and Manipulationcited by 40
- 2022Implicit Sample Extension for Unsupervised Person Re-Identificationcited by 31
- 2022ReMix: A General and Efficient Framework for Multiple Instance Learning based Whole Slide Image Classificationcited by 30
- 2023RadEdit: stress-testing biomedical vision models via diffusion image editingcited by 28
- 2021CoMoGAN: continuous model-guided image-to-image translationcited by 27
12 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2026BARE: Towards Bias-Aware and Reasoning-Enhanced One-Tower Visual Grounding4 Jan 2026
- 2025Test-Time Adaptation by Causal Trimming13 Oct 2025
- 2025Learning Semantic Directions for Feature Augmentation in Domain-Generalized Medical Segmentation31 Jul 2025
- 2025ConStyX: Content Style Augmentation for Generalizable Medical Image Segmentation12 Jun 2025
- 2025Hyperbolic Dual Feature Augmentation for Open-Environment10 Jun 2025
- 2025LangDAug: Langevin Data Augmentation for Multi-Source Domain Generalization in Medical Image Segmentation26 May 2025
- 2025CO-SPY: Combining Semantic and Pixel Features to Detect Synthetic Images by AI24 Mar 2025
- 2025Semantic Data Augmentation Enhanced Invariant Risk Minimization for Medical Image Domain Generalization8 Feb 2025
- 2025Enhancing Automated Interpretability with Output-Centric Feature Descriptions14 Jan 2025
- 2024What Has Been Overlooked in Contrastive Source-Free Domain Adaptation: Leveraging Source-Informed Latent Augmentation within Neighborhood Context18 Dec 2024
- 2024Semantic Data Augmentation for Long-tailed Facial Expression Recognition26 Nov 2024
- 2024A Unified Deep Semantic Expansion Framework for Domain-Generalized Person Re-identification11 Oct 2024
12 newest of 66 All 66 (JSON)