Rule Extraction Algorithm for Deep Neural Networks: A Review
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Abstract (arXiv)
Despite the highest classification accuracy in wide varieties of application areas, artificial neural network has one disadvantage. The way this Network comes to a decision is not easily comprehensible. The lack of explanation ability reduces the acceptability of neural network in data mining and decision system. This drawback is the reason why researchers have proposed many rule extraction algorithms to solve the problem. Recently, Deep Neural Network (DNN) is achieving a profound result over the standard neural network for classification and recognition problems. It is a hot machine learning area proven both useful and innovative. This paper has thoroughly reviewed various rule extraction algorithms, considering the classification scheme: decompositional, pedagogical, and eclectics. It also presents the evaluation of these algorithms based on the neural network structure with which the algorithm is intended to work. The main contribution of this review is to show that there is a limited study of rule extraction algorithm from DNN.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Sep 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 6; 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
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- 2021A Comprehensive Taxonomy for Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Survey of Surveys on Methods and Conceptscited by 91
- 2021Inspect, Understand, Overcome: A Survey of Practical Methods for AI Safetycited by 35
- 2022Concept Embedding Analysis: A Reviewcited by 20
- 2021Efficient Decompositional Rule Extraction for Deep Neural Networkscited by 11
- 2022Visualizing Global Explanations of Point Cloud DNNscited by 8
- 2023Local Concept Embeddings for Analysis of Concept Distributions in Vision DNN Feature Spacescited by 7
- 2024Towards Symbolic XAI -- Explanation Through Human Understandable Logical Relationships Between Featurescited by 7
- 2025Symbolic Knowledge Extraction and Injection with Sub-symbolic Predictors: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 7
- 2022Efficient Learning of Interpretable Classification Rulescited by 5
- 2021Synthesizing Context-free Grammars from Recurrent Neural Networks (Extended Version)cited by 2
- 2023Rule-Extraction Methods From Feedforward Neural Networks: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 1
- 2024DAM: Diffusion Activation Maximization for 3D Global Explanationscited by 1
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- 2025Explainable AI the Latest Advancements and New Trendscited by 1
- 2025Checking extracted rules in Neural Networkscited by 1
- 2021Forward Composition Propagation for Explainable Neural Reasoningcited by 0
- 2022Exploring layerwise decision making in DNNscited by 0
- 2022Automating the Design and Development of Gradient Descent Trained Expert System Networkscited by 0
- 2022What Do End-Users Really Want? Investigation of Human-Centered XAI for Mobile Health Appscited by 0
- 2024Eclectic Rule Extraction for Explainability of Deep Neural Network based Intrusion Detection Systemscited by 0
- 2024Enabling Regional Explainability by Automatic and Model-agnostic Rule Extractioncited by 0
- 2025Your Model Is Unfair, Are You Even Aware? Inverse Relationship Between Comprehension and Trust in Explainability Visualizations of Biased ML Modelscited by 0
- 2026Probabilistic Abstract Interpretation on Neural Networks via Grids Approximationcited by 0
- 2026Probabilistic Abstract Interpretation on Neural Networks via Grids Approximation26 Mar 2026
- 2025Checking extracted rules in Neural Networks20 Sep 2025
- 2025Your Model Is Unfair, Are You Even Aware? Inverse Relationship Between Comprehension and Trust in Explainability Visualizations of Biased ML Models31 Jul 2025
- 2025Explainable AI the Latest Advancements and New Trends11 May 2025
- 2025Symbolic Knowledge Extraction and Injection with Sub-symbolic Predictors: A Systematic Literature Review23 Jan 2025
- 2024Towards Symbolic XAI -- Explanation Through Human Understandable Logical Relationships Between Features30 Aug 2024
- 2024Enabling Regional Explainability by Automatic and Model-agnostic Rule Extraction25 Jun 2024
- 2024DAM: Diffusion Activation Maximization for 3D Global Explanations26 Jan 2024
- 2024Eclectic Rule Extraction for Explainability of Deep Neural Network based Intrusion Detection Systems18 Jan 2024
- 2023Rule-Extraction Methods From Feedforward Neural Networks: A Systematic Literature Review20 Dec 2023
- 2023Local Concept Embeddings for Analysis of Concept Distributions in Vision DNN Feature Spaces24 Nov 2023
- 2022What Do End-Users Really Want? Investigation of Human-Centered XAI for Mobile Health Apps7 Oct 2022
10 more
- 2022Automating the Design and Development of Gradient Descent Trained Expert System Networks4 Jul 2022
- 2022Efficient Learning of Interpretable Classification Rules14 May 2022
- 2022Concept Embedding Analysis: A Review25 Mar 2022
- 2022Visualizing Global Explanations of Point Cloud DNNs17 Mar 2022
- 2022Exploring layerwise decision making in DNNs1 Feb 2022
- 2021Forward Composition Propagation for Explainable Neural Reasoning23 Dec 2021
- 2021Efficient Decompositional Rule Extraction for Deep Neural Networks24 Nov 2021
- 2021A Comprehensive Taxonomy for Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Survey of Surveys on Methods and Concepts15 May 2021
- 2021Inspect, Understand, Overcome: A Survey of Practical Methods for AI Safety29 Apr 2021
- 2021Synthesizing Context-free Grammars from Recurrent Neural Networks (Extended Version)20 Jan 2021
- 2021A Comprehensive Taxonomy for Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Survey of Surveys on Methods and Conceptscited by 91
- 2021Inspect, Understand, Overcome: A Survey of Practical Methods for AI Safetycited by 35
- 2022Concept Embedding Analysis: A Reviewcited by 20
- 2021Efficient Decompositional Rule Extraction for Deep Neural Networkscited by 11
- 2022Visualizing Global Explanations of Point Cloud DNNscited by 8
- 2023Local Concept Embeddings for Analysis of Concept Distributions in Vision DNN Feature Spacescited by 7
- 2024Towards Symbolic XAI -- Explanation Through Human Understandable Logical Relationships Between Featurescited by 7
- 2025Symbolic Knowledge Extraction and Injection with Sub-symbolic Predictors: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 7
- 2022Efficient Learning of Interpretable Classification Rulescited by 5
- 2021Synthesizing Context-free Grammars from Recurrent Neural Networks (Extended Version)cited by 2
- 2023Rule-Extraction Methods From Feedforward Neural Networks: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 1
- 2025Explainable AI the Latest Advancements and New Trendscited by 1
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026Probabilistic Abstract Interpretation on Neural Networks via Grids Approximation26 Mar 2026
- 2025Checking extracted rules in Neural Networks20 Sep 2025
- 2025Your Model Is Unfair, Are You Even Aware? Inverse Relationship Between Comprehension and Trust in Explainability Visualizations of Biased ML Models31 Jul 2025
- 2025Explainable AI the Latest Advancements and New Trends11 May 2025
- 2025Symbolic Knowledge Extraction and Injection with Sub-symbolic Predictors: A Systematic Literature Review23 Jan 2025
- 2024Towards Symbolic XAI -- Explanation Through Human Understandable Logical Relationships Between Features30 Aug 2024
- 2024Enabling Regional Explainability by Automatic and Model-agnostic Rule Extraction25 Jun 2024
- 2024Eclectic Rule Extraction for Explainability of Deep Neural Network based Intrusion Detection Systems18 Jan 2024
- 2023Rule-Extraction Methods From Feedforward Neural Networks: A Systematic Literature Review20 Dec 2023
- 2023Local Concept Embeddings for Analysis of Concept Distributions in Vision DNN Feature Spaces24 Nov 2023
- 2022What Do End-Users Really Want? Investigation of Human-Centered XAI for Mobile Health Apps7 Oct 2022
- 2022Automating the Design and Development of Gradient Descent Trained Expert System Networks4 Jul 2022
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)