Why Deep Neural Networks for Function Approximation?

Recently there has been much interest in understanding why deep neural networks are preferred to shallow networks. We show that, for a large class of piecewise smooth functions, the number of neurons needed by a shallow network to approximate a function is exponentially larger than the corresponding number of neurons needed by a deep network for a given degree of function approximation. First, we consider univariate functions on a bounded interval and require a neural network to achieve an approximation error of varepsilon uniformly over the interval. We show that shallow networks (i.e., networks whose depth does not depend on varepsilon) require Omega(poly(1/varepsilon)) neurons while deep networks (i.e., networks whose depth grows with 1/varepsilon) require O(polylog(1/varepsilon)) neurons. We then extend these results to certain classes of important multivariate functions. Our results are derived for neural networks which use a combination of rectifier linear units (ReLUs) and binary step units, two of the most popular type of activation functions. Our analysis builds on a simple observation: the multiplication of two bits can be represented by a ReLU.