De Rham compatible Deep Neural Network FEM

On general regular simplicial partitions T of bounded polytopal domains Omega subset ℝd, d∈2,3, we construct exact neural network (NN) emulations of all lowest order finite element spaces in the discrete de Rham complex. These include the spaces of piecewise constant functions, continuous piecewise linear (CPwL) functions, the classical ``Raviart-Thomas element'', and the ``N'ed'elec edge element''. For all but the CPwL case, our network architectures employ both ReLU (rectified linear unit) and BiSU (binary step unit) activations to capture discontinuities. In the important case of CPwL functions, we prove that it suffices to work with pure ReLU nets. Our construction and DNN architecture generalizes previous results in that no geometric restrictions on the regular simplicial partitions T of Omega are required for DNN emulation. In addition, for CPwL functions our DNN construction is valid in any dimension d≥ 2. Our ``FE-Nets'' are required in the variationally correct, structure-preserving approximation of boundary value problems of electromagnetism in nonconvex polyhedra Omega subset ℝ3. They are thus an essential ingredient in the application of e.g., the methodology of ``physics-informed NNs'' or ``deep Ritz methods'' to electromagnetic field simulation via deep learning techniques. We indicate generalizations of our constructions to higher-order compatible spaces and other, non-compatible classes of discretizations, in particular the ``Crouzeix-Raviart'' elements and Hybridized, Higher Order (HHO) methods.