Multi-view Self-supervised Deep Learning for 6D Pose Estimation in the Amazon Picking Challenge
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Abstract (arXiv)
Robot warehouse automation has attracted significant interest in recent years, perhaps most visibly in the Amazon Picking Challenge (APC). A fully autonomous warehouse pick-and-place system requires robust vision that reliably recognizes and locates objects amid cluttered environments, self-occlusions, sensor noise, and a large variety of objects. In this paper we present an approach that leverages multi-view RGB-D data and self-supervised, data-driven learning to overcome those difficulties. The approach was part of the MIT-Princeton Team system that took 3rd- and 4th- place in the stowing and picking tasks, respectively at APC 2016. In the proposed approach, we segment and label multiple views of a scene with a fully convolutional neural network, and then fit pre-scanned 3D object models to the resulting segmentation to get the 6D object pose. Training a deep neural network for segmentation typically requires a large amount of training data. We propose a self-supervised method to generate a large labeled dataset without tedious manual segmentation. We demonstrate that our system can reliably estimate the 6D pose of objects under a variety of scenarios. All code, data, and benchmarks are available at http://apc.cs.princeton.edu/
Key facts. Cited by 70 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Sep 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 23; 2022: 15; 2023: 11; 2024: 11; 2025: 9; 2026: 1.
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- 2021CLIPort: What and Where Pathways for Robotic Manipulationcited by 617
- 2022Perceiver-Actor: A Multi-Task Transformer for Robotic Manipulationcited by 545
- 2021GENESIS-V2: Inferring Unordered Object Representations without Iterative Refinementcited by 109
- 2021ClevrTex: A Texture-Rich Benchmark for Unsupervised Multi-Object Segmentationcited by 93
- 2021Semantics for Robotic Mapping, Perception and Interaction: A Surveycited by 56
- 2022Equivariant Descriptor Fields: SE(3)-Equivariant Energy-Based Models for End-to-End Visual Robotic Manipulation Learningcited by 54
- 2021CaTGrasp: Learning Category-Level Task-Relevant Grasping in Clutter from Simulationcited by 49
- 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objectscited by 47
- 2024VidMan: Exploiting Implicit Dynamics from Video Diffusion Model for Effective Robot Manipulationcited by 45
- 2021Single-Stage Keypoint-Based Category-Level Object Pose Estimation from an RGB Imagecited by 42
- 2022Neural Shape Mating: Self-Supervised Object Assembly with Adversarial Shape Priorscited by 42
- 2021Sample-Efficient Safety Assurances using Conformal Predictioncited by 41
38 more
- 2024Fourier Transporter: Bi-Equivariant Robotic Manipulation in 3Dcited by 32
- 2025Towards Robust and Secure Embodied AI: A Survey on Vulnerabilities and Attackscited by 32
- 2024MatchU: Matching Unseen Objects for 6D Pose Estimation from RGB-D Imagescited by 28
- 2021Skeleton Merger: an Unsupervised Aligned Keypoint Detectorcited by 27
- 2021UDA-COPE: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Category-level Object Pose Estimationcited by 25
- 2021Semantically Grounded Object Matching for Robust Robotic Scene Rearrangementcited by 21
- 2022Keypoint-Based Category-Level Object Pose Tracking from an RGB Sequence with Uncertainty Estimationcited by 19
- 2023ReorientDiff: Diffusion Model based Reorientation for Object Manipulationcited by 19
- 2023ARMBench: An Object-centric Benchmark Dataset for Robotic Manipulationcited by 18
- 2024SAM-E: Leveraging Visual Foundation Model with Sequence Imitation for Embodied Manipulationcited by 18
- 2021PR-GCN: A Deep Graph Convolutional Network with Point Refinement for 6D Pose Estimationcited by 17
- 2021CloudAAE: Learning 6D Object Pose Regression with On-line Data Synthesis on Point Cloudscited by 15
- 2022Transformers are Adaptable Task Plannerscited by 15
- 2021REGRAD: A Large-Scale Relational Grasp Dataset for Safe and Object-Specific Robotic Grasping in Cluttercited by 11
- 2021TriVoC: Efficient Voting-based Consensus Maximization for Robust Point Cloud Registration with Extreme Outlier Ratioscited by 11
- 2024Efficient Heatmap-Guided 6-Dof Grasp Detection in Cluttered Scenescited by 11
- 2022ReorientBot: Learning Object Reorientation for Specific-Posed Placementcited by 10
- 2023Self-Supervised Unseen Object Instance Segmentation via Long-Term Robot Interactioncited by 10
- 2022MV6D: Multi-View 6D Pose Estimation on RGB-D Frames Using a Deep Point-wise Voting Networkcited by 9
- 2022TransGrasp: Grasp Pose Estimation of a Category of Objects by Transferring Grasps from Only One Labeled Instancecited by 8
- 2025GraspClutter6D: A Large-scale Real-world Dataset for Robust Perception and Grasping in Cluttered Scenescited by 8
- 2021Learning Foreground-Background Segmentation from Improved Layered GANscited by 7
- 2022Semantic keypoint-based pose estimation from single RGB framescited by 7
- 2024Source-Free and Image-Only Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Category Level Object Pose Estimationcited by 7
- 2024Multi-Model 3D Registration: Finding Multiple Moving Objects in Cluttered Point Cloudscited by 7
- 2023A Correct-and-Certify Approach to Self-Supervise Object Pose Estimators via Ensemble Self-Trainingcited by 6
- 2021VIPose: Real-time Visual-Inertial 6D Object Pose Trackingcited by 5
- 2021MVCNet: Multiview Contrastive Network for Unsupervised Representation Learning for 3D CT Lesionscited by 5
- 2021DANIEL: A Fast and Robust Consensus Maximization Method for Point Cloud Registration with High Outlier Ratioscited by 5
- 2022Towards Robust Part-aware Instance Segmentation for Industrial Bin Pickingcited by 5
- 2022Multi-view object pose estimation from correspondence distributions and epipolar geometrycited by 5
- 2023Literature Review: Computer Vision Applications in Transportation Logistics and Warehousingcited by 5
- 2023SyMFM6D: Symmetry-aware Multi-directional Fusion for Multi-View 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 4
- 2023GraNet: A Multi-Level Graph Network for 6-DoF Grasp Pose Generation in Cluttered Scenescited by 4
- 2024RISeg: Robot Interactive Object Segmentation via Body Frame-Invariant Featurescited by 4
- 2021Practical, Fast and Robust Point Cloud Registration for 3D Scene Stitching and Object Localizationcited by 3
- 2022Mechanical Search on Shelves using a Novel "Bluction" Toolcited by 3
- 2022SafePicking: Learning Safe Object Extraction via Object-Level Mappingcited by 3
50 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026UniPose9D: Universal Category-Agnostic Object Pose Estimation10 Jul 2026
- 2025ImaginationPolicy: Towards Generalizable, Precise and Reliable End-to-End Policy for Robotic Manipulation25 Sep 2025
- 2025Object Pose Estimation through Dexterous Touch16 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-Group Equivariant Augmentation for Reinforcement Learning in Robot Manipulation15 Aug 2025
- 2025MVTOP: Multi-View Transformer-based Object Pose-Estimation5 Aug 2025
- 2025rt-RISeg: Real-Time Model-Free Robot Interactive Segmentation for Active Instance-Level Object Understanding14 Jul 2025
- 2025GraspClutter6D: A Large-scale Real-world Dataset for Robust Perception and Grasping in Cluttered Scenes9 Apr 2025
- 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects24 Mar 2025
- 2025TetraGrip: Sensor-Driven Multi-Suction Reactive Object Manipulation in Cluttered Scenes12 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Robust and Secure Embodied AI: A Survey on Vulnerabilities and Attacks18 Feb 2025
- 2024VidMan: Exploiting Implicit Dynamics from Video Diffusion Model for Effective Robot Manipulation14 Nov 2024
- 2024A Low-Cost, High-Speed, and Robust Bin Picking System for Factory Automation Enabled by a Non-Stop, Multi-View, and Active Vision Scheme1 Oct 2024
38 more
- 2024Detection, Recognition and Pose Estimation of Tabletop Objects1 Sep 2024
- 2024SAM-E: Leveraging Visual Foundation Model with Sequence Imitation for Embodied Manipulation30 May 2024
- 2024Theoretical Analysis for Expectation-Maximization-Based Multi-Model 3D Registration14 May 2024
- 2024Efficient Heatmap-Guided 6-Dof Grasp Detection in Cluttered Scenes27 Mar 2024
- 2024RISeg: Robot Interactive Object Segmentation via Body Frame-Invariant Features4 Mar 2024
- 2024MatchU: Matching Unseen Objects for 6D Pose Estimation from RGB-D Images3 Mar 2024
- 2024Multi-Model 3D Registration: Finding Multiple Moving Objects in Cluttered Point Clouds16 Feb 2024
- 2024Fourier Transporter: Bi-Equivariant Robotic Manipulation in 3D22 Jan 2024
- 2024Source-Free and Image-Only Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Category Level Object Pose Estimation19 Jan 2024
- 2023GraNet: A Multi-Level Graph Network for 6-DoF Grasp Pose Generation in Cluttered Scenes6 Dec 2023
- 2023Object Pose Estimation Annotation Pipeline for Multi-view Monocular Camera Systems in Industrial Settings23 Oct 2023
- 2023SyMFM6D: Symmetry-aware Multi-directional Fusion for Multi-View 6D Object Pose Estimation1 Jul 2023
- 2023OCTScenes: A Versatile Real-World Dataset of Tabletop Scenes for Object-Centric Learning16 Jun 2023
- 2023HQDec: Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation Based on a High-Quality Decoder30 May 2023
- 2023Literature Review: Computer Vision Applications in Transportation Logistics and Warehousing12 Apr 2023
- 2023ARMBench: An Object-centric Benchmark Dataset for Robotic Manipulation29 Mar 2023
- 2023ReorientDiff: Diffusion Model based Reorientation for Object Manipulation28 Feb 2023
- 2023A Correct-and-Certify Approach to Self-Supervise Object Pose Estimators via Ensemble Self-Training12 Feb 2023
- 2023Graph Matching Optimization Network for Point Cloud Registration12 Feb 2023
- 2023Self-Supervised Unseen Object Instance Segmentation via Long-Term Robot Interaction7 Feb 2023
- 2022Automated Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases from Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Deep Learning Models: A Review26 Oct 2022
- 2022Multi-view object pose estimation from correspondence distributions and epipolar geometry3 Oct 2022
- 2022Perceiver-Actor: A Multi-Task Transformer for Robotic Manipulation12 Sep 2022
- 2022MV6D: Multi-View 6D Pose Estimation on RGB-D Frames Using a Deep Point-wise Voting Network1 Aug 2022
- 2022TransGrasp: Grasp Pose Estimation of a Category of Objects by Transferring Grasps from Only One Labeled Instance16 Jul 2022
- 2022Transformers are Adaptable Task Planners6 Jul 2022
- 2022Equivariant Descriptor Fields: SE(3)-Equivariant Energy-Based Models for End-to-End Visual Robotic Manipulation Learning16 Jun 2022
- 2022Neural Shape Mating: Self-Supervised Object Assembly with Adversarial Shape Priors30 May 2022
- 2022Keypoint-Based Category-Level Object Pose Tracking from an RGB Sequence with Uncertainty Estimation23 May 2022
- 2022Semantic keypoint-based pose estimation from single RGB frames12 Apr 2022
- 2022Outlier-Robust Geometric Perception: A Novel Thresholding-Based Estimator with Intra-Class Variance Maximization4 Apr 2022
- 2022Towards Robust Part-aware Instance Segmentation for Industrial Bin Picking5 Mar 2022
- 2022ReorientBot: Learning Object Reorientation for Specific-Posed Placement22 Feb 2022
- 2022SafePicking: Learning Safe Object Extraction via Object-Level Mapping11 Feb 2022
- 2022Mechanical Search on Shelves using a Novel "Bluction" Tool22 Jan 2022
- 2021Graphical Models with Attention for Context-Specific Independence and an Application to Perceptual Grouping6 Dec 2021
- 2021UDA-COPE: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Category-level Object Pose Estimation24 Nov 2021
- 2021ClevrTex: A Texture-Rich Benchmark for Unsupervised Multi-Object Segmentation19 Nov 2021
50 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2021CLIPort: What and Where Pathways for Robotic Manipulationcited by 617
- 2022Perceiver-Actor: A Multi-Task Transformer for Robotic Manipulationcited by 545
- 2021GENESIS-V2: Inferring Unordered Object Representations without Iterative Refinementcited by 109
- 2021ClevrTex: A Texture-Rich Benchmark for Unsupervised Multi-Object Segmentationcited by 93
- 2021Semantics for Robotic Mapping, Perception and Interaction: A Surveycited by 56
- 2022Equivariant Descriptor Fields: SE(3)-Equivariant Energy-Based Models for End-to-End Visual Robotic Manipulation Learningcited by 54
- 2021CaTGrasp: Learning Category-Level Task-Relevant Grasping in Clutter from Simulationcited by 49
- 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objectscited by 47
- 2021Single-Stage Keypoint-Based Category-Level Object Pose Estimation from an RGB Imagecited by 42
- 2022Neural Shape Mating: Self-Supervised Object Assembly with Adversarial Shape Priorscited by 42
- 2021Sample-Efficient Safety Assurances using Conformal Predictioncited by 41
- 2024Fourier Transporter: Bi-Equivariant Robotic Manipulation in 3Dcited by 32
12 most cited of 68 All 68 (JSON)
- 2026UniPose9D: Universal Category-Agnostic Object Pose Estimation10 Jul 2026
- 2025ImaginationPolicy: Towards Generalizable, Precise and Reliable End-to-End Policy for Robotic Manipulation25 Sep 2025
- 2025Object Pose Estimation through Dexterous Touch16 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-Group Equivariant Augmentation for Reinforcement Learning in Robot Manipulation15 Aug 2025
- 2025MVTOP: Multi-View Transformer-based Object Pose-Estimation5 Aug 2025
- 2025rt-RISeg: Real-Time Model-Free Robot Interactive Segmentation for Active Instance-Level Object Understanding14 Jul 2025
- 2025GraspClutter6D: A Large-scale Real-world Dataset for Robust Perception and Grasping in Cluttered Scenes9 Apr 2025
- 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects24 Mar 2025
- 2025TetraGrip: Sensor-Driven Multi-Suction Reactive Object Manipulation in Cluttered Scenes12 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Robust and Secure Embodied AI: A Survey on Vulnerabilities and Attacks18 Feb 2025
- 2024A Low-Cost, High-Speed, and Robust Bin Picking System for Factory Automation Enabled by a Non-Stop, Multi-View, and Active Vision Scheme1 Oct 2024
- 2024Detection, Recognition and Pose Estimation of Tabletop Objects1 Sep 2024
12 newest of 68 All 68 (JSON)