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Automatic Text Scoring Using Neural Networks

arXiv 1606.04289 ↗First posted 14 Jun 2016cs.CL cs.LG cs.NEcited by 51

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Abstract (arXiv)

Automated Text Scoring (ATS) provides a cost-effective and consistent alternative to human marking. However, in order to achieve good performance, the predictive features of the system need to be manually engineered by human experts. We introduce a model that forms word representations by learning the extent to which specific words contribute to the text's score. Using Long-Short Term Memory networks to represent the meaning of texts, we demonstrate that a fully automated framework is able to achieve excellent results over similar approaches. In an attempt to make our results more interpretable, and inspired by recent advances in visualizing neural networks, we introduce a novel method for identifying the regions of the text that the model has found more discriminative.

Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Jun 2016.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 7; 2023: 9; 2024: 12; 2025: 9; 2026: 8.

51 papers.

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  1. 2024Exploring LLM Prompting Strategies for Joint Essay Scoring and Feedback Generationcited by 63
  2. 2022On the Use of BERT for Automated Essay Scoring: Joint Learning of Multi-Scale Essay Representationcited by 46
  3. 2023On the application of Large Language Models for language teaching and assessment technologycited by 26
  4. 2024Can GPT-4 do L2 analytic assessment?cited by 16
  5. 2021Automated Essay Scoring Using Transformer Modelscited by 14
  6. 2022Self-explaining deep models with logic rule reasoningcited by 13
  7. 2023When Automated Assessment Meets Automated Content Generation: Examining Text Quality in the Era of GPTscited by 13
  8. 2021Automated essay scoring using efficient transformer-based language modelscited by 12
  9. 2021A Survey on Using Gaze Behaviour for Natural Language Processingcited by 11
  10. 2024LongWanjuan: Towards Systematic Measurement for Long Text Qualitycited by 11
  11. 2025LLMs can Perform Multi-Dimensional Analytic Writing Assessments: A Case Study of L2 Graduate-Level Academic English Writingcited by 10
  12. 2022Short-answer scoring with ensembles of pretrained language modelscited by 8
38 more
  1. 2024Unveiling the Tapestry of Automated Essay Scoring: A Comprehensive Investigation of Accuracy, Fairness, and Generalizabilitycited by 8
  2. 2025Two Heads Are Better Than One: Dual-Model Verbal Reflection at Inference-Timecited by 8
  3. 2025LCES: Zero-shot Automated Essay Scoring via Pairwise Comparisons Using Large Language Modelscited by 8
  4. 2024Empirical Study of Large Language Models as Automated Essay Scoring Tools in English Composition__Taking TOEFL Independent Writing Task for Examplecited by 7
  5. 2024LLMs in Education: Novel Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 7
  6. 2025Opportunities and Challenges of LLMs in Education: An NLP Perspectivecited by 6
  7. 2021Are pre-trained text representations useful for multilingual and multi-dimensional language proficiency modeling?cited by 4
  8. 2023Can LLMs Grade Short-Answer Reading Comprehension Questions : An Empirical Study with a Novel Datasetcited by 4
  9. 2022Improving Performance of Automated Essay Scoring by using back-translation essays and adjusted scorescited by 3
  10. 2022Deep Learning Architecture for Automatic Essay Scoringcited by 3
  11. 2023H-AES: Towards Automated Essay Scoring for Hindicited by 3
  12. 2023Unveiling the Sentinels: Assessing AI Performance in Cybersecurity Peer Reviewcited by 3
  13. 2021EXPATS: A Toolkit for Explainable Automated Text Scoringcited by 2
  14. 2022LADDER: Latent Boundary-guided Adversarial Trainingcited by 2
  15. 2023Tell Model Where to Attend: Improving Interpretability of Aspect-Based Sentiment Classification via Small Explanation Annotationscited by 2
  16. 2025An overview of artificial intelligence in computer-assisted language learningcited by 2
  17. 2025EssayCBM: Rubric-Aligned Concept Bottleneck Models for Transparent Essay Gradingcited by 2
  18. 2021Toward Educator-focused Automated Scoring Systems for Reading and Writingcited by 1
  19. 2022Comparison Study Between Token Classification and Sequence Classification In Text Classificationcited by 1
  20. 2023Review of feedback in Automated Essay Scoringcited by 1
  21. 2023SelfSeg: A Self-supervised Sub-word Segmentation Method for Neural Machine Translationcited by 1
  22. 2024AERA Chat: An Interactive Platform for Automated Explainable Student Answer Assessmentcited by 1
  23. 2025Fine-tuning for Better Few Shot Prompting: An Empirical Comparison for Short Answer Gradingcited by 1
  24. 2026Trait-Aware Policy Optimization for Autoregressive Multi-Trait Essay Scoringcited by 1
  25. 2023Automated Feedback Generation for a Chemistry Database and Abstracting Exercisecited by 0
  26. 2024Frustratingly Simple Prompting-based Text Denoisingcited by 0
  27. 2024Neural Automated Writing Evaluation with Corrective Feedbackcited by 0
  28. 2024Automated Essay Scoring Using Grammatical Variety and Errors with Multi-Task Learning and Item Response Theorycited by 0
  29. 2024Phrase-Level Adversarial Training for Mitigating Bias in Neural Network-based Automatic Essay Scoringcited by 0
  30. 2024Hey AI Can You Grade My Essay?: Automatic Essay Gradingcited by 0
  31. 2025Leveraging AI Graders for Missing Score Imputation to Achieve Accurate Ability Estimation in Constructed-Response Testscited by 0
  32. 2025PEMUTA: Pedagogically-Enriched Multi-Granular Undergraduate Thesis Assessmentcited by 0
  33. 2026Decision-Level Ordinal Modeling for Multimodal Essay Scoring with Large Language Modelscited by 0
  34. 2026Beyond Detection: Ethical Foundations for Automated Dyslexic Error Attributioncited by 0
  35. 2026Automated Scoring of Arabic Text Using Large Language Models: A Literature Reviewcited by 0
  36. 2026From Texts to Scores: Tracing the Emergence of Essay Quality Representations in Large Language Modelscited by 0
  37. 2026When Rubrics Change: Cross-Rubric Generalization for Critical Thinking Essay Scoringcited by 0
  38. 2026Cost-efficient generative AI summarization for scalable automated essay scoring in educational assessmentcited by 0

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